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Tandayapa Valley
Bird Checklist

List of species recorded at this locale along with frequency of occurrence. The table indicates whether each species is threatened or endangered according to the IUCN and also whether it is migratory, very rare, or accidental in the locale. The list is based on available data and may be incomplete. Names in parentheses (if any) are new official names in the revised Clements updates.*

color codes

 
Tinamous: Tinamidae

1Tawny-breasted TinamouNothocercus juliusTVVR

 
Ducks: Anatidae

2Torrent DuckMerganetta armataTVUC

 
Guans, Chachalacas, and Curassows: Cracidae

3Andean GuanPenelope montagniiTVR
4Wattled GuanAburria aburriTBL,TVFC
5Sickle-winged GuanChamaepetes goudotiiTBL,TVFC

 
New World Quail: Odontophoridae

6Dark-backed Wood-QuailOdontophorus melanonotusTBL,TVC

 
Frigatebirds: Fregatidae

7Magnificent FrigatebirdFregata magnificensTBL,TVX

 
Cormorants and Shags: Phalacrocoracidae

8Neotropic CormorantPhalacrocorax brasilianusTBL,TVVR

 
Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns: Ardeidae

9Fasciated Tiger-HeronTigrisoma fasciatumTBL,TVVR

 
New World Vultures: Cathartidae

10Black VultureCoragyps atratusNM,TBL,TVFC
11Turkey VultureCathartes auraTBL,TVFC

 
Hawks, Eagles, and Kites: Accipitridae

12Hook-billed KiteChondrohierax uncinatusTBL,TVR
13Swallow-tailed KiteElanoides forficatusNM,TBL,TVR
14Double-toothed KiteHarpagus bidentatusTBL,TVUC
15Semicollared HawkAccipiter collarisTBL,TVUC
16Plain-breasted Hawk**Accipiter ventralisTBL,TVUC
17Bicolored HawkAccipiter bicolorTVR
18Barred HawkLeucopternis princepsTBL,TVFC
19Roadside HawkButeo magnirostrisNM,TBL,TVC
20Broad-winged HawkButeo platypterusTBL,TVFC
21White-rumped HawkButeo leucorrhousTBL,TVUC
22Gray HawkButeo nitidusTBL,TVX
23Short-tailed HawkButeo brachyurusTBL,TVUC
24White-throated HawkButeo albigulaTBL,TVUC
25Variable HawkButeo polyosomaTBL,TVVR
26Crested EagleMorphnus guianensisTBL,TVVR
27Black-and-chestnut EagleSpizaetus isidoriTBL,TVFC

 
Falcons and Caracaras: Falconidae

28Barred Forest-FalconMicrastur ruficollisTBL,TVFC
29Collared Forest-FalconMicrastur semitorquatusTBL,TVR
30American KestrelFalco sparveriusTBL,TVUC
31Bat FalconFalco rufigularisTBL,TVUC
32Peregrine FalconFalco peregrinusTBL,TVR

 
Rails, Gallinules, and Coots: Rallidae

33White-throated CrakeLaterallus albigularisTBL,TVFC
34/Sora/Porzana carolinaTVX

 
Sandpipers and Allies: Scolopacidae

35/Spotted Sandpiper/Actitis maculariusTVUC
36|Baird's Sandpiper|Calidris bairdiiTVX

 
Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers: Laridae

37/Laughing Gull/Leucophaeus atricillaTVX

 
Pigeons and Doves: Columbidae

38Band-tailed PigeonPatagioenas fasciataTBL,TVA
39Plumbeous PigeonPatagioenas plumbeaTBL,TVC
40White-tipped DoveLeptotila verreauxiTBL,TVC
41White-throated Quail-DoveGeotrygon frenataTBL,TVUC

 
Parrots: Psittacidae

42Barred ParakeetBolborhynchus lineolaTBL,TVUC
43Blue-fronted ParrotletTouit dilectissimusTVR
44Red-billed ParrotPionus sordidusTBL,TVA
45Speckle-faced ParrotPionus tumultuosusTBL,TVFC
46Scaly-naped ParrotAmazona mercenariaTBL,TVUC

 
Cuckoos: Cuculidae

47Little CuckooCoccycua minutaTBL,TVR
48Squirrel CuckooPiaya cayanaTBL,TVFC
49Smooth-billed AniCrotophaga aniNM,TVFC

 
Owls: Strigidae

50Rufescent Screech-OwlMegascops ingensTBL,TVR
51Spectacled OwlPulsatrix perspicillataTVX
52Cloud-forest Pygmy-OwlGlaucidium nubicolaTBL,TVUC
53Andean Pygmy-OwlGlaucidium jardiniiTVR
54Mottled OwlCiccaba virgataTBL,TVUC
55Rufous-banded OwlCiccaba albitarsisTVR

 
Nightjars and Allies: Caprimulgidae

56Rufous-bellied NighthawkLurocalis rufiventrisTBL,TVFC
57Common PauraqueNyctidromus albicollisTVR
58Band-winged NightjarCaprimulgus longirostrisTBL,TVUC
59Swallow-tailed NightjarUropsalis segmentataTVUC
60Lyre-tailed NightjarUropsalis lyraNM,TBL,TVFC

 
Potoos: Nyctibiidae

61Common PotooNyctibius griseusTBL,TVUC

 
Oilbird: Steatornithidae

62OilbirdSteatornis caripensisTBL,TVR

 
Swifts: Apodidae

63Spot-fronted SwiftCypseloides cherrieiTBL,TVUC
64Chestnut-collared SwiftStreptoprocne rutilaTBL,TVFC
65White-collared SwiftStreptoprocne zonarisTBL,TVA
66White-tipped SwiftAeronautes montivagusTBL,TVFC

 
Hummingbirds: Trochilidae

67White-necked JacobinFlorisuga mellivoraTBL,TVR
68Tawny-bellied HermitPhaethornis syrmatophorusTBL,TVFC
69Green-fronted LancebillDoryfera ludovicaeTBL,TVUC
70Wedge-billed HummingbirdSchistes geoffroyiTBL,TVFC
71Brown VioletearColibri delphinaeTBL,TVUC
72#Green Violetear#Colibri thalassinusTBL,TVC
73#Sparkling Violetear#Colibri coruscansTBL,TVC
74Purple-crowned FairyHeliothryx barrotiTBL,TVX
75Gorgeted SunangelHeliangelus strophianusTBL,TVVR
76Green ThorntailDiscosura conversiiTBL,TVX
77Speckled HummingbirdAdelomyia melanogenysTBL,TVA
78Violet-tailed SylphAglaiocercus coelestisTBL,TVC
79Black-tailed TrainbearerLesbia victoriaeNM 
80#Green-tailed Trainbearer#Lesbia nunaTBL,TVUC
81Purple-backed ThornbillRamphomicron microrhynchumTVX
82#Tyrian Metaltail#Metallura tyrianthinaTVR
83Hoary PufflegHaplophaedia lugensTBL,TVVR
84Brown IncaCoeligena wilsoniTBL,TVFC
85Collared IncaCoeligena torquataTBL,TVUC
86#Mountain Velvetbreast#Lafresnaya lafresnayiTBL,TVR
87Buff-tailed CoronetBoissonneaua flavescensTBL,TVA
88Velvet-purple CoronetBoissonneaua jardiniTBL,TVUC
89Booted Racket-tailOcreatus underwoodiiTBL,TVA
90White-tailed HillstarUrochroa bougueriTVR
91Purple-bibbed WhitetipUrosticte benjaminiTBL,TVC
92Fawn-breasted BrilliantHeliodoxa rubinoidesTBL,TVA
93Green-crowned BrilliantHeliodoxa jaculaTBL,TVR
94<Empress Brilliant>Heliodoxa imperatrixTBL,TVFC
95Purple-collared WoodstarMyrtis fannyTVVR
96White-bellied WoodstarChaetocercus mulsantTBL,TVC
97Little WoodstarChaetocercus bombusTBL,TVVR
98Purple-throated WoodstarCalliphlox mitchelliiTBL,TVC
99Western EmeraldChlorostilbon melanorhynchusTBL,TVA
100Green-crowned WoodnymphThalurania fannyiTBL,TVUC
101Andean EmeraldAmazilia franciaeTBL,TVA
102Rufous-tailed HummingbirdAmazilia tzacatlTBL,TVA

 
Trogons: Trogonidae

103Golden-headed QuetzalPharomachrus auricepsTBL,TVFC
104Crested QuetzalPharomachrus antisianusTBL,TVUC
105Masked TrogonTrogon personatusTBL,TVC

 
Motmots: Momotidae

106Rufous MotmotBaryphthengus martiiTBL,TVX
107Broad-billed MotmotElectron platyrhynchumTBL,TVR

 
Kingfishers: Alcedinidae

108Ringed KingfisherMegaceryle torquataTBL,TVR

 
Puffbirds: Bucconidae

109White-faced NunbirdHapaloptila castaneaTBL,TVR

 
New World Barbets: Capitonidae

110Red-headed BarbetEubucco bourcieriiTBL,TVFC

 
Toucan-Barbets: Semnornithidae

111Toucan BarbetSemnornis ramphastinusTBL,TVFC

 
Toucans: Ramphastidae

112Crimson-rumped ToucanetAulacorhynchus haematopygusTBL,TVFC
113Plate-billed Mountain-ToucanAndigena laminirostrisTBL,TVUC
114Collared AracariPteroglossus torquatusTVX

 
Woodpeckers: Picidae

115Smoky-brown WoodpeckerPicoides fumigatusTBL,TVUC
116Yellow-vented WoodpeckerVeniliornis dignusTBL,TVR
117Golden-olive WoodpeckerColaptes rubiginosusTBL,TVFC
118Crimson-mantled WoodpeckerColaptes rivoliiTBL,TVUC
119Powerful WoodpeckerCampephilus pollensTBL,TVUC

 
Ovenbirds and Woodcreepers: Furnariidae

120Tawny-throated LeaftosserSclerurus mexicanusTBL,TVR
121Pacific Hornero**Furnarius cinnamomeusTBL,TVUC
122Azara's SpinetailSynallaxis azaraeTBL,TVC
123Rufous SpinetailSynallaxis unirufaTVFC
124Slaty SpinetailSynallaxis brachyuraTBL,TVFC
125Red-faced SpinetailCranioleuca erythropsTBL,TVC
126Rusty-winged BarbtailPremnornis guttuligeraTBL,TVFC
127Spotted BarbtailPremnoplex brunnescensNM,TBL,TVFC
128Pearled TreerunnerMargarornis squamigerTVFC
129Streaked TuftedcheekPseudocolaptes boissonneautiiTBL,TVFC
130Scaly-throated Foliage-gleanerAnabacerthia variegaticepsTBL,TVUC
131Lineated Foliage-gleanerSyndactyla subalarisTBL,TVFC
132Uniform TreehunterThripadectes ignobilisTBL,TVR
133Striped TreehunterThripadectes holostictusTBL,TVFC
134Streak-capped TreehunterThripadectes virgaticepsTBL,TVFC
135Buff-throated Foliage-gleanerAutomolus ochrolaemusTBL,TVX
136Tyrannine WoodcreeperDendrocincla tyranninaTBL,TVUC
137Strong-billed WoodcreeperXiphocolaptes promeropirhynchusTBL,TVUC
138Spotted WoodcreeperXiphorhynchus erythropygiusTBL,TVUC
139Montane WoodcreeperLepidocolaptes lacrymigerTBL,TVC
140Brown-billed ScythebillCampylorhamphus pusillusTVVR

 
Typical Antbirds: Thamnophilidae

141Uniform AntshrikeThamnophilus unicolorTBL,TVUC
142Plain AntvireoDysithamnus mentalisTBL,TVR
143Slaty AntwrenMyrmotherula schisticolorTBL,TVFC
144Long-tailed AntbirdDrymophila caudataTBL,TVFC
145Immaculate AntbirdMyrmeciza immaculataTBL,TVFC

 
Antthrushes: Formicariidae

146Rufous-breasted AntthrushFormicarius rufipectusTBL,TVFC

 
Antpittas: Grallariidae

147Undulated AntpittaGrallaria squamigeraNM 
148Giant AntpittaGrallaria giganteaTBL,TVVR
149Moustached AntpittaGrallaria alleniTBL,TVUC
150Scaled AntpittaGrallaria guatimalensisTBL,TVUC
151Chestnut-crowned AntpittaGrallaria ruficapillaTBL,TVFC
152Yellow-breasted AntpittaGrallaria flavotinctaTVR
153Rufous AntpittaGrallaria rufulaNM 
154Tawny AntpittaGrallaria quitensisNM 
155Ochre-breasted AntpittaGrallaricula flavirostrisTBL,TVFC

 
Tapaculos: Rhinocryptidae

156Ocellated TapaculoAcropternis orthonyxNM,TVFC
157Blackish TapaculoScytalopus latransNM 
158Nariño TapaculoScytalopus viciniorTBL,TVFC
159Spillmann's TapaculoScytalopus spillmanniNM,TVFC

 
Tyrant Flycatchers: Tyrannidae

160Southern Beardless-TyrannuletCamptostoma obsoletumTVFC
161White-tailed TyrannuletMecocerculus poecilocercusTBL,TVC
162#Rufous-winged Tyrannulet#Mecocerculus calopterusTBL,TVFC
163White-crested ElaeniaElaenia albicepsTBL,TVUC
164Sierran ElaeniaElaenia pallatangaeTBL,TVUC
165Torrent TyrannuletSerpophaga cinereaTBL,TVUC
166Streak-necked FlycatcherMionectes striaticollisTBL,TVC
167Marble-faced Bristle-TyrantPhylloscartes ophthalmicusTBL,TVUC
168Black-capped TyrannuletPhyllomyias nigrocapillusTVR
169Ashy-headed TyrannuletPhyllomyias cinereicepsTBL,TVFC
170Tawny-rumped TyrannuletPhyllomyias uropygialisTVUC
171Ornate FlycatcherMyiotriccus ornatusTBL,TVUC
172Bronze-olive Pygmy-TyrantPseudotriccus pelzelniTBL,TVUC
173Rufous-headed Pygmy-TyrantPseudotriccus ruficepsTVUC
174Scale-crested Pygmy-TyrantLophotriccus pileatusTBL,TVUC
175Rufous-crowned Tody-Tyrant
(Rufous-crowned Tody-Flycatcher)
Poecilotriccus ruficepsTVUC
176Common Tody-FlycatcherTodirostrum cinereumTVVR
177Cinnamon FlycatcherPyrrhomyias cinnamomeusTVUC
178Tawny-breasted FlycatcherMyiobius villosusTBL,TVX
179Flavescent FlycatcherMyiophobus flavicansTBL,TVFC
180Bran-colored FlycatcherMyiophobus fasciatusTBL,TVUC
181Handsome FlycatcherNephelomyias pulcherTVX
182Olive-sided FlycatcherContopus cooperiTBL,TVVR
183Smoke-colored PeweeContopus fumigatusTBL,TVC
184/Western Wood-Pewee/Contopus sordidulusTVVR
185Black PhoebeSayornis nigricansNM,TBL,TVFC
186Streak-throated Bush-TyrantMyiotheretes striaticollisTBL,TVX
187Smoky Bush-TyrantMyiotheretes fumigatusNM,TVVR
188Crowned Chat-TyrantOchthoeca frontalisNM 
189Yellow-bellied Chat-TyrantOchthoeca diademaTVFC
190Slaty-backed Chat-TyrantOchthoeca cinnamomeiventrisTBL,TVR
191Dusky-capped FlycatcherMyiarchus tuberculiferTBL,TVFC
192Rusty-margined FlycatcherMyiozetetes cayanensisTBL,TVR
193Golden-crowned FlycatcherMyiodynastes chrysocephalusNM,TBL,TVFC
194Tropical KingbirdTyrannus melancholicusNM,TBL,TVC

 
Cotingas: Cotingidae

195Green-and-black FruiteaterPipreola riefferiiTBL,TVR
196Orange-breasted FruiteaterPipreola jucundaTBL,TVR
197Scaled FruiteaterAmpelioides tschudiiTBL,TVUC
198Red-crested CotingaAmpelion rubrocristatusTVR
199Andean Cock-of-the-rockRupicola peruvianusTBL,TVFC
200Olivaceous PihaSnowornis cryptolophusTBL,TVFC

 
Manakins: Pipridae

201Golden-winged ManakinMasius chrysopterusTBL,TVUC

 
Tityras and Allies: Tityridae

202Masked TityraTityra semifasciataTBL,TVVR
203Barred BecardPachyramphus versicolorTBL,TVUC
204White-winged BecardPachyramphus polychopterusTBL,TVUC
205Black-and-white BecardPachyramphus albogriseusTBL,TVUC
206#One-colored Becard#Pachyramphus homochrousTBL,TVR

 
Vireos: Vireonidae

207Brown-capped VireoVireo leucophrysTBL,TVC
208<Red-eyed Vireo>Vireo olivaceusTBL,TVFC

 
Crows, Jays, and Magpies: Corvidae

209Beautiful JayCyanolyca pulchraTBL,TVUC
210Turquoise JayCyanolyca turcosaTBL,TVUC

 
Swallows: Hirundinidae

211Blue-and-white SwallowPygochelidon cyanoleucaNM,TBL,TVC
212<Southern Rough-winged Swallow>Stelgidopteryx ruficollisTBL,TVUC
213|Barn Swallow|Hirundo rusticaTBL,TVR

 
Wrens: Troglodytidae

214Sharpe's WrenCinnycerthia olivascensTVFC
215Plain-tailed WrenPheugopedius euophrysTVFC
216Whiskered WrenPheugopedius mystacalisNM,TBL,TVUC
217House WrenTroglodytes aedonTBL,TVUC
218Mountain WrenTroglodytes solstitialisTBL,TVUC
219Gray-breasted Wood-WrenHenicorhina leucophrysTBL,TVA

 
Gnatcatchers: Polioptilidae

220Tropical GnatcatcherPolioptila plumbeaTVX

 
Dippers: Cinclidae

221White-capped DipperCinclus leucocephalusTBL,TVUC

 
Thrushes and Allies: Turdidae

222Andean SolitaireMyadestes ralloidesTBL,TVC
223Slaty-backed Nightingale-ThrushCatharus fuscaterTBL,TVUC
224Spotted Nightingale-ThrushCatharus dryasTBL,TVVR
225Swainson's ThrushCatharus ustulatusTBL,TVC
226Black SolitaireEntomodestes coracinusTVVR
227Pale-eyed ThrushTurdus leucopsTBL,TVR
228Ecuadorian ThrushTurdus maculirostrisTBL,TVFC
229Great ThrushTurdus fuscaterNM,TBL,TVX
230Glossy-black ThrushTurdus serranusTBL,TVFC

 
Mockingbirds and Thrashers: Mimidae

231Tropical MockingbirdMimus gilvusTVX

 
New World Warblers: Parulidae

232Black-and-white WarblerMniotilta variaTBL,TVR
233Tennessee WarblerOreothlypis peregrinaTBL,TVVR
234Olive-crowned YellowthroatGeothlypis semiflavaTBL,TVFC
235Tropical ParulaSetophaga pitiayumiTBL,TVC
236Blackburnian WarblerSetophaga fuscaTBL,TVC
237Three-striped WarblerBasileuterus tristriatusTBL,TVC
238Black-crested WarblerMyiothlypis nigrocristatusTVC
239Russet-crowned WarblerMyiothlypis coronatusTBL,TVC
240/Canada Warbler/Cardellina canadensisTVR
241Slate-throated RedstartMyioborus miniatusTBL,TVC
242Spectacled RedstartMyioborus melanocephalusTBL,TVC

 
Bananaquit: Coerebidae

243BananaquitCoereba flaveolaNM,TBL,TVR

 
Tanagers and Allies: Thraupidae

244Western Hemispingus**Hemispingus ochraceusTBL,TVFC
245<Rufous-chested Tanager>Thlypopsis ornataTBL,TVFC
246Capped ConebillConirostrum albifronsTVFC
247PlushcapCatamblyrhynchus diademaTBL,TVUC
248White-lined TanagerTachyphonus rufusTBL,TVR
249Lemon-rumped Tanager**Ramphocelus icteronotusTBL,TVC
250Blue-gray TanagerThraupis episcopusTBL,TVFC
251Palm TanagerThraupis palmarumTBL,TVVR
252Blue-capped TanagerThraupis cyanocephalaTBL,TVFC
253Hooded Mountain-TanagerButhraupis montanaTVR
254Scarlet-bellied Mountain-TanagerAnisognathus igniventrisTBL,TVR
255Blue-winged Mountain-TanagerAnisognathus somptuosusTBL,TVC
256Black-chinned Mountain-TanagerAnisognathus notabilisTVVR
257Grass-green TanagerChlorornis riefferiiTVC
258Buff-breasted Mountain-TanagerDubusia taeniataTVVR
259Fawn-breasted TanagerPipraeidea melanonotaTBL,TVUC
260Golden TanagerTangara arthusTBL,TVA
261Silver-throated TanagerTangara icterocephalaTBL,TVUC
262Flame-faced TanagerTangara parzudakiiTBL,TVUC
263Scrub TanagerTangara vitriolinaTBL,TVX
264Golden-naped TanagerTangara ruficervixTBL,TVC
265Metallic-green TanagerTangara labradoridesTBL,TVFC
266Beryl-spangled TanagerTangara nigroviridisTBL,TVC
267Blue-and-black TanagerTangara vassoriiTBL,TVUC
268Black-capped TanagerTangara heineiTBL,TVC
269Green HoneycreeperChlorophanes spizaTBL,TVX
270Buff-throated SaltatorSaltator maximusTVR
271Black-winged SaltatorSaltator atripennisTBL,TVFC

 
Buntings, Sparrows, and Allies: Emberizidae

272Blue-black GrassquitVolatinia jacarinaTBL,TVUC
273Variable SeedeaterSporophila corvinaTBL,TVVR
274<Black-and-white Seedeater>Sporophila luctuosaTBL,TVR
275Yellow-bellied SeedeaterSporophila nigricollisTBL,TVC
276Yellow-faced GrassquitTiaris olivaceusTBL,TVUC
277Dull-colored GrassquitTiaris obscurusTVUC
278Slaty FinchHaplospiza rusticaTBL,TVR
279Black FlowerpiercerDiglossa humeralisNM 
280White-sided FlowerpiercerDiglossa albilateraTBL,TVFC
281Rusty FlowerpiercerDiglossa sittoidesTBL,TVX
282Masked FlowerpiercerDiglossa cyaneaTBL,TVC
283Tanager FinchOreothraupis arremonopsTVUC
284Chestnut-capped Brush-FinchArremon brunneinuchaTBL,TVC
285Tricolored Brush-FinchAtlapetes tricolorTBL,TVC
286White-winged Brush-FinchAtlapetes leucopterusTBL,TVFC
287Rufous-naped Brush-FinchAtlapetes rufinuchaTVUC
288Rufous-collared SparrowZonotrichia capensisNM,TBL,TVC
289Dusky Bush-TanagerChlorospingus semifuscusTBL,TVC
290Yellow-throated Bush-TanagerChlorospingus flavigularisTBL,TVX

 
Cardinals and Allies: Cardinalidae

291Summer TanagerPiranga rubraTBL,TVFC
292White-winged TanagerPiranga leucopteraTBL,TVUC
293Southern Yellow Grosbeak
(Golden-bellied Grosbeak)
Pheucticus chrysogasterNM,TBL,TVUC
294Rose-breasted GrosbeakPheucticus ludovicianusTBL,TVVR
295Blue SeedeaterAmaurospiza concolorTBL,TVR

 
Troupials and Allies: Icteridae

296Shiny CowbirdMolothrus bonariensisTBL,TVR
297Giant CowbirdMolothrus oryzivorusTVR
298Russet-backed OropendolaPsarocolius angustifronsTBL,TVUC

 
Siskins, Crossbills, and Allies: Fringillidae

299Orange-crowned EuphoniaEuphonia saturataTBL,TVVR
300<Thick-billed Euphonia>Euphonia laniirostrisTBL,TVFC
301Golden-rumped EuphoniaEuphonia cyanocephalaTBL,TVUC
302Orange-bellied EuphoniaEuphonia xanthogasterTBL,TVC
303Chestnut-breasted ChlorophoniaChlorophonia pyrrhophrysTBL,TVR
304Yellow-collared ChlorophoniaChlorophonia flavirostrisTBL,TVVR
305Lesser GoldfinchSpinus psaltriaTBL,TVUC
306<Yellow-bellied Siskin>Spinus xanthogastrusTBL,TVR
307Hooded SiskinSpinus magellanicusTBL,TVVR

* Nomenclature and taxonomic affinities are based on Clements 6th Edition published 2007 with updates through December 2011 maintained by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, which relies largely on the AOU and SACC nomenclature committees.
** Species not accepted by Clements, AOU, or SACC that we recognize based on the IOC, field observations along with geographical separation, consensus opinions of field guide authors, and other sources. These species are potential splits in future Clements updates.


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