WAYQECHA BIOLOGICAL STATION
PERU
LOCALE
| Altitude (m): | 2200-3700 |
| # Species: | 330 |
| # Excl Vagrants: | 330 |
| # Endemics: | 15 |
| # Near Endemics: | 40 |
| Habitat: Cloud Forest | |
BIRD CHECKLIST
The table below lists species recorded at this locale but does not indicate frequency of occurrence there. It does indicate whether each species is globally threatened or endangered according to the IUCN and also whether it is migratory, very rare, or accidental in the country. The list is based on available data and may be incomplete.*
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| 1 | Andean Tinamou | Nothoprocta pentlandii |
| 2 | Taczanowski's Tinamou | Nothoprocta taczanowskii |
| 3 | Hooded Tinamou | Nothocercus nigrocapillus |
| 4 | Brown Tinamou | Crypturellus obsoletus |
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| 5 | Andean Goose | Oressochen melanoptera |
| 6 | Crested Duck | Lophonetta specularioides |
| 7 | Torrent Duck | Merganetta armata |
| 8 | Puna Teal | Spatula puna |
| 9 | Cinnamon Teal | Spatula cyanoptera |
| 10 | Yellow-billed Teal | Anas flavirostris |
| 11 | Andean Duck | Oxyura ferruginea |
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| 12 | Sickle-winged Guan | Chamaepetes goudotii |
| 13 | Andean Guan | Penelope montagnii |
| 14 | Speckled Chachalaca | Ortalis guttata |
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| 15 | Rufous-breasted Wood-Quail | Odontophorus speciosus |
| 16 | Stripe-faced Wood-Quail | Odontophorus balliviani |
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| 17 | Rock Pigeon | Columba livia |
| 18 | Spot-winged Pigeon | Patagioenas maculosa |
| 19 | Band-tailed Pigeon | Patagioenas fasciata |
| 20 | Bare-faced Ground Dove | Metriopelia ceciliae |
| 21 | White-throated Quail-Dove | Zentrygon frenata |
| 22 | Eared Dove | Zenaida auriculata |
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| 23 | Common Squirrel-Cuckoo | Piaya cayana |
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| 24 | Rufous-bellied Nighthawk | Lurocalis rufiventris |
| 25 | Swallow-tailed Nightjar | Uropsalis segmentata |
| 26 | Lyre-tailed Nightjar | Uropsalis lyra |
| 27 | Band-winged Nightjar | Systellura longirostris |
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| 28 | Andean Potoo | Nyctibius maculosus |
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| 29 | Chestnut-collared Swift | Streptoprocne rutila |
| 30 | White-collared Swift | Streptoprocne zonaris |
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| 31 | Lesser Violetear | Colibri cyanotus |
| 32 | Sparkling Violetear | Colibri coruscans |
| 33 | Amethyst-throated Sunangel | Heliangelus amethysticollis |
| 34 | Wire-crested Thorntail | Discosura popelairii |
| 35 | Peruvian Piedtail | Phlogophilus harterti |
| 36 | Speckled Hummingbird | Adelomyia melanogenys |
| 37 | Long-tailed Sylph | Aglaiocercus kingii |
| 38 | Andean Hillstar | Oreotrochilus estella |
| 39 | Black-tailed Trainbearer | Lesbia victoriae |
| 40 | Green-tailed Trainbearer | Lesbia nuna |
| 41 | Rufous-capped Thornbill | Chalcostigma ruficeps |
| 42 | Blue-mantled Thornbill | Chalcostigma stanleyi |
| 43 | Bearded Mountaineer | Oreonympha nobilis |
| 44 | Tyrian Metaltail | Metallura tyrianthina |
| 45 | Scaled Metaltail | Metallura aeneocauda |
| 46 | Buff-thighed Puffleg | Haplophaedia assimilis |
| 47 | Sapphire-vented Puffleg | Eriocnemis luciani |
| 48 | Shining Sunbeam | Aglaeactis cupripennis |
| 49 | White-tufted Sunbeam | Aglaeactis castelnaudii |
| 50 | Bronzy Inca | Coeligena coeligena |
| 51 | Collared Inca | Coeligena torquata |
| 52 | Gould's Inca | Coeligena inca |
| 53 | Violet-throated Starfrontlet | Coeligena violifer |
| 54 | Mountain Velvetbreast | Lafresnaya lafresnayi |
| 55 | Sword-billed Hummingbird | Ensifera ensifera |
| 56 | Great Sapphirewing | Pterophanes cyanopterus |
| 57 | Chestnut-breasted Coronet | Boissonneaua matthewsii |
| 58 | Rufous-booted Racket-tail | Ocreatus addae |
| 59 | Fawn-breasted Brilliant | Heliodoxa rubinoides |
| 60 | Violet-fronted Brilliant | Heliodoxa leadbeateri |
| 61 | Giant Hummingbird | Patagona gigas |
| 62 | White-bellied Woodstar | Chaetocercus mulsant |
| 63 | Fork-tailed Woodnymph | Thalurania furcata |
| 64 | Many-spotted Hummingbird | Taphrospilus hypostictus |
| 65 | Golden-tailed Sapphire | Chrysuronia oenone |
| 66 | White-bellied Hummingbird | Elliotomyia chionogaster |
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| 67 | Plumbeous Rail | Pardirallus sanguinolentus |
| 68 | Common Gallinule | Gallinula galeata |
| 69 | Slate-colored Coot | Fulica ardesiaca |
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| 70 | Andean Lapwing | Vanellus resplendens |
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| 71 | Jameson's Snipe | Gallinago jamesoni |
| 72 | /Wilson's Phalarope/ | Phalaropus tricolor |
| 73 | /Solitary Sandpiper/ | Tringa solitaria |
| 74 | /Greater Yellowlegs/ | Tringa melanoleuca |
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| 75 | Andean Gull | Chroicocephalus serranus |
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| 76 | White-tufted Grebe | Rollandia rolland |
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| 77 | Puna Ibis | Plegadis ridgwayi |
| 78 | Andean Ibis | Theristicus branickii |
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| 79 | Black-crowned Night Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax |
| 80 | Little Blue Heron | Egretta caerulea |
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| 81 | Black Vulture | Coragyps atratus |
| 82 | Turkey Vulture | Cathartes aura |
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| 83 | Black-and-chestnut Eagle | Spizaetus isidori |
| 84 | Sharp-shinned Hawk | Accipiter striatus |
| 85 | Cinereous Harrier | Circus cinereus |
| 86 | Semicollared Hawk | Microspizias collaris |
| 87 | Plumbeous Kite | Ictinia plumbea |
| 88 | Great Black Hawk | Buteogallus urubitinga |
| 89 | Solitary Eagle | Buteogallus solitarius |
| 90 | Roadside Hawk | Rupornis magnirostris |
| 91 | White-rumped Hawk | Parabuteo leucorrhous |
| 92 | Variable Hawk | Geranoaetus polyosoma |
| 93 | Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle | Geranoaetus melanoleucus |
| 94 | /Broad-winged Hawk/ | Buteo platypterus |
| 95 | White-throated Hawk | Buteo albigula |
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| 96 | American Barn Owl | Tyto furcata |
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| 97 | White-throated Screech-Owl | Megascops albogularis |
| 98 | Rufescent Screech-Owl | Megascops ingens |
| 99 | Yungas Pygmy-Owl | Glaucidium bolivianum |
| 100 | Amazonian Pygmy-Owl | Glaucidium hardyi |
| 101 | Burrowing Owl | Athene cunicularia |
| 102 | Rufous-banded Owl | Strix albitarsis |
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| 103 | Golden-headed Quetzal | Pharomachrus auriceps |
| 104 | Crested Quetzal | Pharomachrus antisianus |
| 105 | Masked Trogon | Trogon personatus |
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| 106 | Andean Motmot | Momotus aequatorialis |
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| 107 | Black-streaked Puffbird | Malacoptila fulvogularis |
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| 108 | Chestnut-tipped Toucanet | Aulacorhynchus derbianus |
| 109 | Blue-banded Toucanet | Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis |
| 110 | Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucan | Andigena hypoglauca |
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| 111 | Bar-bellied Woodpecker | Veniliornis nigriceps |
| 112 | Crimson-bellied Woodpecker | Campephilus haematogaster |
| 113 | Golden-olive Woodpecker | Colaptes rubiginosus |
| 114 | Crimson-mantled Woodpecker | Colaptes rivolii |
| 115 | Andean Flicker | Colaptes rupicola |
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| 116 | Barred Forest-Falcon | Micrastur ruficollis |
| 117 | Mountain Caracara | Daptrius megalopterus |
| 118 | American Kestrel | Falco sparverius |
| 119 | Aplomado Falcon | Falco femoralis |
| 120 | Peregrine Falcon | Falco peregrinus |
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| 121 | Andean Parakeet | Bolborhynchus orbygnesius |
| 122 | Speckle-faced Parrot | Pionus tumultuosus |
| 123 | Scaly-naped Amazon | Amazona mercenarius |
| 124 | &Golden-plumed Parakeetl | Leptosittaca branickii |
| 125 | Mitred Parakeet | Psittacara mitratus |
| 126 | White-eyed Parakeet | Psittacara leucophthalmus |
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| 127 | Variable Antshrike | Thamnophilus caerulescens |
| 128 | Foothill Stipplethroat | Epinecrophylla spodionota |
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| 129 | Undulated Antpitta | Grallaria squamigera |
| 130 | White-throated Antpitta | Grallaria albigula |
| 131 | Red-and-white Antpitta | Grallaria erythroleuca |
| 132 | Urubamba Antpitta | Grallaria occabambae |
| 133 | Leymebamba Antpitta | Grallaricula leymebambae |
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| 134 | Puna Tapaculo | Scytalopus simonsi |
| 135 | Diademed Tapaculo | Scytalopus schulenbergi |
| 136 | Trilling Tapaculo | Scytalopus parvirostris |
| 137 | White-crowned Tapaculo | Scytalopus atratus |
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| 138 | Short-tailed Antthrush | Chamaeza campanisona |
| 139 | Barred Antthrush | Chamaeza mollissima |
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| 140 | Slender-billed Miner | Geositta tenuirostris |
| 141 | Tyrannine Woodcreeper | Dendrocincla tyrannina |
| 142 | Strong-billed Woodcreeper | Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus |
| 143 | Greater Scythebill | Drymotoxeres pucheranii |
| 144 | Montane Woodcreeper | Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger |
| 145 | Streaked Tuftedcheek | Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii |
| 146 | Cream-winged Cinclodes | Cinclodes albiventris |
| 147 | Montane Foliage-gleaner | Anabacerthia striaticollis |
| 148 | Rufous-backed Treehunter | Thripadectes scrutator |
| 149 | Striped Treehunter | Thripadectes holostictus |
| 150 | Spotted Barbtail | Premnoplex brunnescens |
| 151 | Pearled Treerunner | Margarornis squamiger |
| 152 | Andean Tit-Spinetail | Leptasthenura andicola |
| 153 | Streak-fronted Thornbird | Phacellodomus striaticeps |
| 154 | Line-fronted Canastero | Asthenes urubambensis |
| 155 | Junin Canastero | Asthenes virgata |
| 156 | Scribble-tailed Canastero | Asthenes maculicauda |
| 157 | Streak-throated Canastero | Asthenes humilis |
| 158 | Cordilleran Canastero | Asthenes modesta |
| 159 | Puna Thistletail | Asthenes helleri |
| 160 | Rusty-fronted Canastero | Asthenes ottonis |
| 161 | Marcapata Spinetail | Cranioleuca marcapatae |
| 162 | Creamy-crested Spinetail | Cranioleuca albicapilla |
| 163 | Azara's Spinetail | Synallaxis azarae |
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| 164 | Band-tailed Fruiteater | Pipreola intermedia |
| 165 | Barred Fruiteater | Pipreola arcuata |
| 166 | Masked Fruiteater | Pipreola pulchra |
| 167 | Red-crested Cotinga | Ampelion rubrocristatus |
| 168 | Chestnut-crested Cotinga | Ampelion rufaxilla |
| 169 | Andean Cock-of-the-rock | Rupicola peruvianus |
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| 170 | Barred Becard | Pachyramphus versicolor |
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| 171 | Many-colored Rush Tyrant | Tachuris rubrigastra |
| 172 | Streak-necked Flycatcher | Mionectes striaticollis |
| 173 | Inca Flycatcher | Leptopogon taczanowskii |
| 174 | Rufous-headed Pygmy-Tyrant | Pseudotriccus ruficeps |
| 175 | Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant | Lophotriccus pileatus |
| 176 | Black-throated Tody-Tyrant | Hemitriccus granadensis |
| 177 | Fulvous-breasted Flatbill | Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus |
| 178 | Yellow-margined Flatbill | Tolmomyias assimilis |
| 179 | Cinnamon Flycatcher | Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus |
| 180 | Handsome Flycatcher | Nephelomyias pulcher |
| 181 | Ochraceous-breasted Flycatcher | Nephelomyias ochraceiventris |
| 182 | White-tailed Tyrannulet | Mecocerculus poecilocercus |
| 183 | White-banded Tyrannulet | Mecocerculus stictopterus |
| 184 | White-throated Tyrannulet | Mecocerculus leucophrys |
| 185 | Yellow-billed Tit-Tyrant | Anairetes flavirostris |
| 186 | Tufted Tit-Tyrant | Anairetes parulus |
| 187 | Unstreaked Tit-Tyrant | Uromyias agraphia |
| 188 | Yellow-bellied Elaenia | Elaenia flavogaster |
| 189 | White-crested Elaenia | Elaenia albiceps |
| 190 | \Small-billed Elaenia\ | Elaenia parvirostris |
| 191 | Mottle-backed Elaenia | Elaenia gigas |
| 192 | Highland Elaenia | Elaenia obscura |
| 193 | Sierran Elaenia | Elaenia pallatangae |
| 194 | Torrent Tyrannulet | Serpophaga cinerea |
| 195 | Black-capped Tyrannulet | Tyranniscus nigrocapillus |
| 196 | Tawny-rumped Tyrannulet | Tyranniscus uropygialis |
| 197 | Bolivian Tyrannulet | Zimmerius bolivianus |
| 198 | Unadorned Flycatcher | Myiophobus inornatus |
| 199 | Smoke-colored Pewee | Contopus fumigatus |
| 200 | Black Phoebe | Sayornis nigricans |
| 201 | White-winged Black-Tyrant | Knipolegus aterrimus |
| 202 | Spot-billed Ground-Tyrant | Muscisaxicola maculirostris |
| 203 | Rufous-naped Ground-Tyrant | Muscisaxicola rufivertex |
| 204 | \White-browed Ground-Tyrant\ | Muscisaxicola albilora |
| 205 | Rufous-webbed Bush-Tyrant | Cnemarchus rufipennis |
| 206 | Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant | Agriornis montanus |
| 207 | Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant | Myiotheretes striaticollis |
| 208 | Rufous-bellied Bush-Tyrant | Myiotheretes fuscorufus |
| 209 | Crowned Chat-Tyrant | Silvicultrix frontalis |
| 210 | Golden-browed Chat-Tyrant | Silvicultrix pulchella |
| 211 | Maroon-belted Chat-Tyrant | Ochthoeca thoracica |
| 212 | Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant | Ochthoeca rufipectoralis |
| 213 | Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant | Ochthoeca fumicolor |
| 214 | d'Orbigny's Chat-Tyrant | Ochthoeca oenanthoides |
| 215 | White-browed Chat-Tyrant | Ochthoeca leucophrys |
| 216 | Dusky-capped Flycatcher | Myiarchus tuberculifer |
| 217 | Golden-bellied Flycatcher | Myiodynastes hemichrysus |
| 218 | Golden-crowned Flycatcher | Myiodynastes chrysocephalus |
| 219 | Tropical Kingbird | Tyrannus melancholicus |
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| 220 | Brown-capped Vireo | Vireo leucophrys |
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| 221 | White-collared Jay | Cyanolyca viridicyanus |
| 222 | Green Jay | Cyanocorax yncas |
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| 223 | Blue-and-white Swallow | Pygochelidon cyanoleuca |
| 224 | Pale-footed Swallow | Orochelidon flavipes |
| 225 | Brown-bellied Swallow | Orochelidon murina |
| 226 | Andean Swallow | Orochelidon andecola |
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| 227 | Southern House Wren | Troglodytes musculus |
| 228 | Mountain Wren | Troglodytes solstitialis |
| 229 | Grass Wren | Cistothorus platensis |
| 230 | Moustached Wren | Pheugopedius genibarbis |
| 231 | Fulvous Wren | Cinnycerthia fulva |
| 232 | Gray-breasted Wood-Wren | Henicorhina leucophrys |
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| 233 | White-capped Dipper | Cinclus leucocephalus |
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| 234 | Andean Solitaire | Myadestes ralloides |
| 235 | Speckled Nightingale-Thrush | Catharus maculatus |
| 236 | /Swainson's Thrush/ | Catharus ustulatus |
| 237 | White-eared Solitaire | Entomodestes leucotis |
| 238 | Pale-eyed Thrush | Turdus leucops |
| 239 | Glossy-black Thrush | Turdus serranus |
| 240 | Great Thrush | Turdus fuscater |
| 241 | Chiguanco Thrush | Turdus chiguanco |
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| 242 | Paramo Pipit | Anthus bogotensis |
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| 243 | Orange-bellied Euphonia | Euphonia xanthogaster |
| 244 | Hooded Siskin | Spinus magellanicus |
| 245 | Olivaceous Siskin | Spinus olivaceus |
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| 246 | Yellow-throated Chlorospingus | Chlorospingus flavigularis |
| 247 | Short-billed Chlorospingus | Chlorospingus parvirostris |
| 248 | Common Chlorospingus | Chlorospingus flavopectus |
| 249 | Gray-browed Brushfinch | Arremon assimilis |
| 250 | Chestnut-capped Brushfinch | Arremon brunneinucha |
| 251 | Rufous-collared Sparrow | Zonotrichia capensis |
| 252 | Tricolored Brushfinch | Atlapetes tricolor |
| 253 | Cuzco Brushfinch | Atlapetes canigenis |
| 254 | Black-faced Brushfinch | Atlapetes melanolaemus |
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| 255 | Yellow-billed Cacique | Amblycercus holosericeus |
| 256 | Dusky-green Oropendola | Psarocolius atrovirens |
| 257 | Yellow-rumped Cacique | Cacicus cela |
| 258 | Mountain Cacique | Cacicus chrysonotus |
| 259 | Yellow-winged Blackbird | Agelasticus thilius |
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| 260 | /Blackburnian Warbler/ | Setophaga fusca |
| 261 | Three-striped Warbler | Basileuterus tristriatus |
| 262 | Citrine Warbler | Myiothlypis luteoviridis |
| 263 | Pale-legged Warbler | Myiothlypis signata |
| 264 | Two-banded Warbler | Myiothlypis bivittata |
| 265 | Russet-crowned Warbler | Myiothlypis coronata |
| 266 | Slate-throated Redstart | Myioborus miniatus |
| 267 | Spectacled Redstart | Myioborus melanocephalus |
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| 268 | White-winged Tanager | Piranga leucoptera |
| 269 | Golden Grosbeak | Pheucticus chrysogaster |
| 270 | Black-backed Grosbeak | Pheucticus aureoventris |
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| 271 | Black-faced Tanager | Schistochlamys melanopis |
| 272 | Slaty Tanager | Creurgops dentatus |
| 273 | Black-capped Hemispingus | Kleinothraupis atropileus |
| 274 | Parodi's Hemispingus | Kleinothraupis parodii |
| 275 | Oleaginous Hemispingus | Sphenopsis frontalis |
| 276 | Black-eared Hemispingus | Sphenopsis melanotis |
| 277 | Rust-and-yellow Tanager | Thlypopsis ruficeps |
| 278 | Superciliaried Hemispingus | Thlypopsis superciliaris |
| 279 | Rufous-chested Tanager | Thlypopsis ornata |
| 280 | Silver-beaked Tanager | Ramphocelus carbo |
| 281 | Hooded Mountain Tanager | Buthraupis montana |
| 282 | Blue-capped Tanager | Sporathraupis cyanocephala |
| 283 | Grass-green Tanager | Chlorornis riefferii |
| 284 | Lacrimose Mountain Tanager | Anisognathus lacrymosus |
| 285 | Scarlet-bellied Mountain Tanager | Anisognathus igniventris |
| 286 | Streak-crowned Mountain Tanager | Dubusia stictocephala |
| 287 | Chestnut-bellied Mountain Tanager | Dubusia castaneoventris |
| 288 | Yellow-throated Tanager | Iridosornis analis |
| 289 | Golden-collared Tanager | Iridosornis jelskii |
| 290 | Fawn-breasted Tanager | Pipraeidea melanonota |
| 291 | Blue-and-yellow Tanager | Rauenia bonariensis |
| 292 | Blue-gray Tanager | Thraupis episcopus |
| 293 | Golden-naped Tanager | Chalcothraupis ruficervix |
| 294 | Silvery Tanager | Stilpnia viridicollis |
| 295 | Masked Tanager | Stilpnia nigrocincta |
| 296 | Blue-necked Tanager | Stilpnia cyanicollis |
| 297 | Blue-and-black Tanager | Tangara vassorii |
| 298 | Beryl-spangled Tanager | Tangara nigroviridis |
| 299 | Paradise Tanager | Tangara chilensis |
| 300 | Saffron-crowned Tanager | Tangara xanthocephala |
| 301 | Flame-faced Tanager | Tangara parzudakii |
| 302 | Golden Tanager | Tangara arthus |
| 303 | Swallow Tanager | Tersina viridis |
| 304 | Giant Conebill | Conirostrum binghami |
| 305 | White-browed Conebill | Conirostrum ferrugineiventre |
| 306 | Blue-backed Conebill | Conirostrum sitticolor |
| 307 | Capped Conebill | Conirostrum albifrons |
| 308 | Cinereous Conebill | Conirostrum cinereum |
| 309 | Moustached Flowerpiercer | Diglossa mystacalis |
| 310 | Black-throated Flowerpiercer | Diglossa brunneiventris |
| 311 | Rusty Flowerpiercer | Diglossa sittoides |
| 312 | Deep-blue Flowerpiercer | Diglossa glauca |
| 313 | Bluish Flowerpiercer | Diglossa caerulescens |
| 314 | Masked Flowerpiercer | Diglossa cyanea |
| 315 | Plushcap | Catamblyrhynchus diadema |
| 316 | Peruvian Sierra Finch | Phrygilus punensis |
| 317 | Tit-like Dacnis | Xenodacnis parina |
| 318 | Plumbeous Sierra Finch | Geospizopsis unicolor |
| 319 | Ash-breasted Sierra Finch | Geospizopsis plebejus |
| 320 | &Slaty Finchl | Haplospiza rustica |
| 321 | Band-tailed Sierra Finch | Porphyrospiza alaudinus |
| 322 | Mourning Sierra Finch | Rhopospina fruticeti |
| 323 | Drab Hemispingus | Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus |
| 324 | Black-billed Cnemoscopus | Cnemoscopus chrysogaster |
| 325 | Three-striped Hemispingus | Poospiza trifasciatus |
| 326 | Chestnut-breasted Mountain-Finch | Poospizopsis caesar |
| 327 | Band-tailed Seedeater | Catamenia analis |
| 328 | Plain-colored Seedeater | Catamenia inornata |
| 329 | Paramo Seedeater | Catamenia homochroa |
| 330 | Golden-billed Saltator | Saltator aurantiirostris |
*Nomenclature and taxonomic affinities are based on Clements 6th Edition published 2007 with updates through 2021 maintained by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, which relies largely on the AOU and SACC nomenclature committees. IUCN status may reflect splits not currently recognized by Clements.
**Species not accepted by Clements, AOU, or SACC that we recognize based on the IOC, field observations along with geographical separation, consensus opinions of field guide authors, and other sources. These species are potential splits in future Clements updates.
OTHER LOCALES
PRESENCE CODES
| Code | Description | ## |
| // | Boreal Visitor | 6 |
| \\ | Austral Visitor | 2 |
| || | Transient | 0 |
| ## | Non-breeding Dispersal | 0 |
| <> | Erratic/Irregular | 2 |
| () | Breeding Season Only | 0 |
| {} | Casual/Vagrant | 0 |
| [] | Accidental | 0 |
STATUS CODES
| Code | Description | ## |
| NT | Near Threatened | 11 |
| V | Vulnerable | 1 |
| EN | Endangered | 1 |
| CR | Critically Endangered | 0 |
Species counts in code tables depend on completeness of the data. For some countries or locales, data may not include all species or information on species presence may be incomplete.