NAINITAL AREA
INDIA
LOCALE
| # Species: | 330 |
| # Excl Vagrants: | 330 |
| # Endemics: | 0 |
| # Near Endemics: | 3 |
BIRD CHECKLIST
The table below lists species recorded at this locale but does not indicate frequency of occurrence there. It does indicate whether each species is globally threatened or endangered according to the IUCN and also whether it is migratory, very rare, or accidental in the country. The list is based on available data and may be incomplete.*
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| 1 | /Ruddy Shelduck/ | Tadorna ferruginea | |
| 2 | /Garganey/ | Spatula querquedula | |
| 3 | /Northern Shoveler/ | Spatula clypeata | |
| 4 | /Gadwall/ | Mareca strepera | |
| 5 | Indian Spot-billed Duck | Anas poecilorhyncha | |
| 6 | /Northern Pintail/ | Anas acuta | |
| 7 | /Green-winged Teal/ | Anas crecca | |
| 8 | /Red-crested Pochard/ | Netta rufina | |
| 9 | /Common Pochard/ | Aythya ferina | |
| 10 | /Ferruginous Duck/ | Aythya nyroca | |
| 11 | /Tufted Duck/ | Aythya fuligula | |
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| 12 | Hill Partridge | Arborophila torqueola | |
| 13 | Rufous-throated Partridge | Arborophila rufogularis | |
| 14 | Himalayan Monal | Lophophorus impejanus | |
| 15 | Koklass Pheasant | Pucrasia macrolopha | |
| 16 | Cheer Pheasant | Catreus wallichii | |
| 17 | Kalij Pheasant | Lophura leucomelanos | |
| 18 | Indian Peafowl | Pavo cristatus | |
| 19 | Red Junglefowl | Gallus gallus | |
| 20 | Gray Francolin | Ortygornis pondicerianus | |
| 21 | Black Francolin | Francolinus francolinus | |
| 22 | Chukar | Alectoris chukar | |
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| 23 | Rock Pigeon | Columba livia | |
| 24 | Hill Pigeon | Columba rupestris | |
| 25 | Common Wood-Pigeon | Columba palumbus | |
| 26 | Speckled Wood-Pigeon | Columba hodgsonii | |
| 27 | Oriental Turtle-Dove | Streptopelia orientalis | |
| 28 | Eurasian Collared-Dove | Streptopelia decaocto | |
| 29 | Spotted Dove | Spilopelia chinensis | |
| 30 | Laughing Dove | Spilopelia senegalensis | |
| 31 | Asian Emerald Dove | Chalcophaps indica | |
| 32 | Pin-tailed Green-Pigeon | Treron apicauda | |
| 33 | Wedge-tailed Green-Pigeon | Treron sphenurus | |
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| 34 | Indian Cuckoo | Cuculus micropterus | |
| 35 | (Common Cuckoo) | Cuculus canorus | |
| 36 | (Himalayan Cuckoo) | Cuculus saturatus | |
| 37 | Greater Coucal | Centropus sinensis | |
| 38 | Pied Cuckoo | Clamator jacobinus | |
| 39 | Asian Koel | Eudynamys scolopaceus | |
| 40 | (Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo) | Surniculus lugubris | |
| 41 | Large Hawk-Cuckoo | Hierococcyx sparverioides | |
| 42 | Banded Bay Cuckoo | Cacomantis sonneratii | |
| 43 | Gray-bellied Cuckoo | Cacomantis passerinus | |
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| 44 | Gray Nightjar | Caprimulgus jotaka | |
| 45 | Large-tailed Nightjar | Caprimulgus macrurus | |
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| 46 | White-rumped Spinetail | Zoonavena sylvatica | |
| 47 | Himalayan Swiftlet | Aerodramus brevirostris | |
| 48 | Alpine Swift | Tachymarptis melba | |
| 49 | Blyth's Swift | Apus leuconyx | |
| 50 | Little Swift | Apus affinis | |
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| 51 | Eurasian Moorhen | Gallinula chloropus | |
| 52 | Eurasian Coot | Fulica atra | |
| 53 | White-breasted Waterhen | Amaurornis phoenicurus | |
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| 54 | Black-winged Stilt | Himantopus himantopus | |
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| 55 | Red-wattled Lapwing | Vanellus indicus | |
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| 56 | /Jack Snipe/ | Lymnocryptes minimus | |
| 57 | /Eurasian Woodcock/ | Scolopax rusticola | |
| 58 | /Common Sandpiper/ | Actitis hypoleucos | |
| 59 | /Green Sandpiper/ | Tringa ochropus | |
| 60 | /Wood Sandpiper/ | Tringa glareola | |
| 61 | /Common Greenshank/ | Tringa nebularia | |
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| 62 | /Brown-headed Gull/ | Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus | |
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| 63 | /Black Stork/ | Ciconia nigra | |
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| 64 | Little Cormorant | Microcarbo niger | |
| 65 | Great Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | |
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| 66 | Striated Heron | Butorides striata | |
| 67 | Indian Pond-Heron | Ardeola grayii | |
| 68 | Eastern Cattle Egret | Bubulcus coromandus | |
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| 69 | /Osprey/ | Pandion haliaetus | |
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| 70 | Black-winged Kite | Elanus caeruleus | |
| 71 | Bearded Vulture | Gypaetus barbatus | |
| 72 | Egyptian Vulture | Neophron percnopterus | |
| 73 | Oriental Honey-buzzard | Pernis ptilorhynchus | |
| 74 | Red-headed Vulture | Sarcogyps calvus | |
| 75 | /Cinereous Vulture/ | Aegypius monachus | |
| 76 | White-rumped Vulture | Gyps bengalensis | |
| 77 | /Himalayan Griffon/ | Gyps himalayensis | |
| 78 | /Eurasian Griffon/ | Gyps fulvus | |
| 79 | Crested Serpent-Eagle | Spilornis cheela | |
| 80 | Short-toed Snake-Eagle | Circaetus gallicus | |
| 81 | Mountain Hawk-Eagle | Nisaetus nipalensis | |
| 82 | Changeable Hawk-Eagle | Nisaetus cirrhatus | |
| 83 | Rufous-bellied Eagle | Lophotriorchis kienerii | |
| 84 | Black Eagle | Ictinaetus malaiensis | |
| 85 | /Booted Eagle/ | Hieraaetus pennatus | |
| 86 | /Steppe Eagle/ | Aquila nipalensis | |
| 87 | Golden Eagle | Aquila chrysaetos | |
| 88 | Bonelli's Eagle | Aquila fasciata | |
| 89 | Crested Goshawk | Accipiter trivirgatus | |
| 90 | Shikra | Accipiter badius | |
| 91 | Besra | Accipiter virgatus | |
| 92 | Eurasian Sparrowhawk | Accipiter nisus | |
| 93 | Black Kite | Milvus migrans | |
| 94 | Lesser Fish-Eagle | Icthyophaga humilis | |
| 95 | Himalayan Buzzard | Buteo reflectus | |
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| 96 | Barn Owl | Tyto alba | |
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| 97 | Mountain Scops-Owl | Otus spilocephalus | |
| 98 | Collared Scops-Owl | Otus lettia | |
| 99 | Brown Fish-Owl | Ketupa zeylonensis | |
| 100 | Tawny Fish-Owl | Ketupa flavipes | |
| 101 | Collared Owlet | Glaucidium brodiei | |
| 102 | Asian Barred Owlet | Glaucidium cuculoides | |
| 103 | Brown Wood-Owl | Strix leptogrammica | |
| 104 | Himalayan Owl | Strix nivicolum | |
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| 105 | Eurasian Hoopoe | Upupa epops | |
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| 106 | Common Kingfisher | Alcedo atthis | |
| 107 | White-throated Kingfisher | Halcyon smyrnensis | |
| 108 | Crested Kingfisher | Megaceryle lugubris | |
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| 109 | Asian Green Bee-eater | Merops orientalis | |
| 110 | Chestnut-headed Bee-eater | Merops leschenaulti | |
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| 111 | Coppersmith Barbet | Psilopogon haemacephalus | |
| 112 | Great Barbet | Psilopogon virens | |
| 113 | Lineated Barbet | Psilopogon lineatus | |
| 114 | Blue-throated Barbet | Psilopogon asiaticus | |
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| 115 | /Eurasian Wryneck/ | Jynx torquilla | |
| 116 | Speckled Piculet | Picumnus innominatus | |
| 117 | Gray-capped Pygmy Woodpecker | Yungipicus canicapillus | |
| 118 | Brown-fronted Woodpecker | Dendrocoptes auriceps | |
| 119 | Rufous-bellied Woodpecker | Dendrocopos hyperythrus | |
| 120 | Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker | Dendrocopos macei | |
| 121 | Himalayan Woodpecker | Dendrocopos himalayensis | |
| 122 | Lesser Yellownape | Picus chlorolophus | |
| 123 | Scaly-bellied Woodpecker | Picus squamatus | |
| 124 | Gray-headed Woodpecker | Picus canus | |
| 125 | Greater Yellownape | Chrysophlegma flavinucha | |
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| 126 | Collared Falconet | Microhierax caerulescens | |
| 127 | Eurasian Kestrel | Falco tinnunculus | |
| 128 | Peregrine Falcon | Falco peregrinus | |
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| 129 | Rose-ringed Parakeet | Psittacula krameri | |
| 130 | Slaty-headed Parakeet | Psittacula himalayana | |
| 131 | Plum-headed Parakeet | Psittacula cyanocephala | |
| 132 | Red-breasted Parakeet | Psittacula alexandri | |
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| 133 | Long-tailed Broadbill | Psarisomus dalhousiae | |
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| 134 | /Long-tailed Minivet/ | Pericrocotus ethologus | |
| 135 | Scarlet Minivet | Pericrocotus speciosus | |
| 136 | /Black-winged Cuckooshrike/ | Lalage melaschistos | |
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| 137 | White-browed Shrike-Babbler | Pteruthius aeralatus | |
| 138 | Green Shrike-Babbler | Pteruthius xanthochlorus | |
| 139 | White-bellied Erpornis | Erpornis zantholeuca | |
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| 140 | Indian Golden Oriole | Oriolus kundoo | |
| 141 | Maroon Oriole | Oriolus traillii | |
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| 142 | Ashy Woodswallow | Artamus fuscus | |
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| 143 | Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike | Hemipus picatus | |
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| 144 | White-throated Fantail | Rhipidura albicollis | |
| 145 | White-browed Fantail | Rhipidura aureola | |
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| 146 | Black Drongo | Dicrurus macrocercus | |
| 147 | /Ashy Drongo/ | Dicrurus leucophaeus | |
| 148 | Crow-billed Drongo | Dicrurus annectens | |
| 149 | Bronzed Drongo | Dicrurus aeneus | |
| 150 | Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo | Dicrurus remifer | |
| 151 | Hair-crested Drongo | Dicrurus hottentottus | |
| 152 | Greater Racket-tailed Drongo | Dicrurus paradiseus | |
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| 153 | Indian Paradise-Flycatcher | Terpsiphone paradisi | |
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| 154 | Long-tailed Shrike | Lanius schach | |
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| 155 | Eurasian Jay | Garrulus glandarius | |
| 156 | Black-headed Jay | Garrulus lanceolatus | |
| 157 | Yellow-billed Blue-Magpie | Urocissa flavirostris | |
| 158 | Red-billed Blue-Magpie | Urocissa erythroryncha | |
| 159 | Common Green-Magpie | Cissa chinensis | |
| 160 | Gray Treepie | Dendrocitta formosae | |
| 161 | Red-billed Chough | Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax | |
| 162 | Yellow-billed Chough | Pyrrhocorax graculus | |
| 163 | House Crow | Corvus splendens | |
| 164 | Large-billed Crow | Corvus macrorhynchos | |
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| 165 | Yellow-bellied Fairy-Fantail | Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus | |
| 166 | Gray-headed Canary-Flycatcher | Culicicapa ceylonensis | |
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| 167 | Fire-capped Tit | Cephalopyrus flammiceps | |
| 168 | Coal Tit | Periparus ater | |
| 169 | Rufous-naped Tit | Periparus rufonuchalis | |
| 170 | Rufous-vented Tit | Periparus rubidiventris | |
| 171 | Gray-crested Tit | Lophophanes dichrous | |
| 172 | Cinereous Tit | Parus cinereus | |
| 173 | Green-backed Tit | Parus monticolus | |
| 174 | Himalayan Black-lored Tit | Machlolophus xanthogenys | |
| 175 | Yellow-browed Tit | Sylviparus modestus | |
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| 176 | Himalayan Prinia | Prinia crinigera | |
| 177 | Gray-crowned Prinia | Prinia cinereocapilla | |
| 178 | Gray-breasted Prinia | Prinia hodgsonii | |
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| 179 | /Thick-billed Warbler/ | Arundinax aedon | |
| 180 | /Blyth's Reed Warbler/ | Acrocephalus dumetorum | |
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| 181 | Scaly-breasted Cupwing | Pnoepyga albiventer | |
| 182 | Nepal Cupwing | Pnoepyga immaculata | |
| 183 | Pygmy Cupwing | Pnoepyga pusilla | |
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| 184 | /Eurasian Crag-Martin/ | Ptyonoprogne rupestris | |
| 185 | Dusky Crag-Martin | Ptyonoprogne concolor | |
| 186 | /Barn Swallow/ | Hirundo rustica | |
| 187 | Western House-Martin | Delichon urbicum | |
| 188 | Nepal House-Martin | Delichon nipalense | |
| 189 | Red-rumped Swallow | Cecropis daurica | |
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| 190 | Ashy Bulbul | Hemixos flavala | |
| 191 | Mountain Bulbul | Ixos mcclellandii | |
| 192 | Black Bulbul | Hypsipetes leucocephalus | |
| 193 | Red-vented Bulbul | Pycnonotus cafer | |
| 194 | Himalayan Bulbul | Pycnonotus leucogenys | |
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| 195 | Ashy-throated Warbler | Phylloscopus maculipennis | |
| 196 | Buff-barred Warbler | Phylloscopus pulcher | |
| 197 | /Hume's Warbler/ | Phylloscopus humei | |
| 198 | /Lemon-rumped Warbler/ | Phylloscopus chloronotus | |
| 199 | Tytler's Leaf Warbler | Phylloscopus tytleri | |
| 200 | Sulphur-bellied Warbler | Phylloscopus griseolus | |
| 201 | /Tickell's Leaf Warbler/ | Phylloscopus affinis | |
| 202 | /Common Chiffchaff/ | Phylloscopus collybita | |
| 203 | /Whistler's Warbler/ | Phylloscopus whistleri | |
| 204 | /Greenish Warbler/ | Phylloscopus trochiloides | |
| 205 | Chestnut-crowned Warbler | Phylloscopus castaniceps | |
| 206 | Western Crowned Warbler | Phylloscopus occipitalis | |
| 207 | /Blyth's Leaf Warbler/ | Phylloscopus reguloides | |
| 208 | Gray-hooded Warbler | Phylloscopus xanthoschistos | |
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| 209 | Gray-bellied Tesia | Tesia cyaniventer | |
| 210 | Gray-sided Bush Warbler | Cettia brunnifrons | |
| 211 | Chestnut-headed Tesia | Cettia castaneocoronata | |
| 212 | Black-faced Warbler | Abroscopus schisticeps | |
| 213 | Brownish-flanked Bush Warbler | Horornis fortipes | |
| 214 | Aberrant Bush Warbler | Horornis flavolivaceus | |
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| 215 | Black-throated Tit | Aegithalos concinnus | |
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| 216 | /Lesser Whitethroat/ | Curruca curruca | |
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| 217 | Whiskered Yuhina | Yuhina flavicollis | |
| 218 | Stripe-throated Yuhina | Yuhina gularis | |
| 219 | Black-chinned Yuhina | Yuhina nigrimenta | |
| 220 | Indian White-eye | Zosterops palpebrosus | |
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| 221 | Black-chinned Babbler | Cyanoderma pyrrhops | |
| 222 | Streak-breasted Scimitar-Babbler | Pomatorhinus ruficollis | |
| 223 | White-browed Scimitar-Babbler | Pomatorhinus schisticeps | |
| 224 | Rusty-cheeked Scimitar-Babbler | Erythrogenys erythrogenys | |
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| 225 | Striated Laughingthrush | Grammatoptila striata | |
| 226 | Streaked Laughingthrush | Trochalopteron lineatum | |
| 227 | Variegated Laughingthrush | Trochalopteron variegatum | |
| 228 | Chestnut-crowned Laughingthrush | Trochalopteron erythrocephalum | |
| 229 | Rufous Sibia | Heterophasia capistrata | |
| 230 | Blue-winged Minla | Actinodura cyanouroptera | |
| 231 | Chestnut-tailed Minla | Actinodura strigula | |
| 232 | Red-billed Leiothrix | Leiothrix lutea | |
| 233 | Jungle Babbler | Argya striata | |
| 234 | White-crested Laughingthrush | Garrulax leucolophus | |
| 235 | Rufous-chinned Laughingthrush | Ianthocincla rufogularis | |
| 236 | White-throated Laughingthrush | Pterorhinus albogularis | |
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| 237 | /Wallcreeper/ | Tichodroma muraria | |
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| 238 | White-tailed Nuthatch | Sitta himalayensis | |
| 239 | Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch | Sitta cinnamoventris | |
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| 240 | /Bar-tailed Treecreeper/ | Certhia himalayana | |
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| 241 | Eurasian Wren | Troglodytes troglodytes | |
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| 242 | Brown Dipper | Cinclus pallasii | |
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| 243 | Chestnut-tailed Starling | Sturnia malabarica | |
| 244 | Common Myna | Acridotheres tristis | |
| 245 | Jungle Myna | Acridotheres fuscus | |
| 246 | /Spot-winged Starling/ | Saroglossa spilopterus | |
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| 247 | (Pied Thrush) | Geokichla wardii | |
| 248 | Orange-headed Thrush | Geokichla citrina | |
| 249 | Long-tailed Thrush | Zoothera dixoni | |
| 250 | Alpine Thrush | Zoothera mollissima | |
| 251 | Dark-sided Thrush | Zoothera marginata | |
| 252 | Long-billed Thrush | Zoothera monticola | |
| 253 | Scaly Thrush | Zoothera dauma | |
| 254 | Mistle Thrush | Turdus viscivorus | |
| 255 | /Black-throated Thrush/ | Turdus atrogularis | |
| 256 | Gray-winged Blackbird | Turdus boulboul | |
| 257 | /Tickell's Thrush/ | Turdus unicolor | |
| 258 | White-collared Blackbird | Turdus albocinctus | |
| 259 | Chestnut Thrush | Turdus rubrocanus | |
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| 260 | |Dark-sided Flycatcher| | Muscicapa sibirica | |
| 261 | Oriental Magpie-Robin | Copsychus saularis | |
| 262 | Small Niltava | Niltava macgrigoriae | |
| 263 | Rufous-bellied Niltava | Niltava sundara | |
| 264 | Verditer Flycatcher | Eumyias thalassinus | |
| 265 | Blue-throated Flycatcher | Cyornis rubeculoides | |
| 266 | Indian Blue Robin | Larvivora brunnea | |
| 267 | /Bluethroat/ | Luscinia svecica | |
| 268 | Blue Whistling-Thrush | Myophonus caeruleus | |
| 269 | Little Forktail | Enicurus scouleri | |
| 270 | Spotted Forktail | Enicurus maculatus | |
| 271 | Slaty-backed Forktail | Enicurus schistaceus | |
| 272 | /Himalayan Rubythroat/ | Calliope pectoralis | |
| 273 | /Himalayan Bluetail/ | Tarsiger rufilatus | |
| 274 | Golden Bush-Robin | Tarsiger chrysaeus | |
| 275 | Slaty-blue Flycatcher | Ficedula tricolor | |
| 276 | Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher | Ficedula strophiata | |
| 277 | Little Pied Flycatcher | Ficedula westermanni | |
| 278 | Ultramarine Flycatcher | Ficedula superciliaris | |
| 279 | /Rusty-tailed Flycatcher/ | Ficedula ruficauda | |
| 280 | /Blue-fronted Redstart/ | Phoenicurus frontalis | |
| 281 | Plumbeous Redstart | Phoenicurus fuliginosus | |
| 282 | White-capped Redstart | Phoenicurus leucocephalus | |
| 283 | /Blue-capped Redstart/ | Phoenicurus coeruleocephala | |
| 284 | /Black Redstart/ | Phoenicurus ochruros | |
| 285 | Chestnut-bellied Rock-Thrush | Monticola rufiventris | |
| 286 | Blue-capped Rock-Thrush | Monticola cinclorhyncha | |
| 287 | /Blue Rock-Thrush/ | Monticola solitarius | |
| 288 | /Siberian Stonechat/ | Saxicola maurus | |
| 289 | Pied Bushchat | Saxicola caprata | |
| 290 | Gray Bushchat | Saxicola ferreus | |
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| 291 | Fire-breasted Flowerpecker | Dicaeum ignipectus | |
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| 292 | Purple Sunbird | Cinnyris asiaticus | |
| 293 | Fire-tailed Sunbird | Aethopyga ignicauda | |
| 294 | Black-throated Sunbird | Aethopyga saturata | |
| 295 | Green-tailed Sunbird | Aethopyga nipalensis | |
| 296 | Crimson Sunbird | Aethopyga siparaja | |
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| 297 | Orange-bellied Leafbird | Chloropsis hardwickii | |
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| 298 | White-rumped Munia | Lonchura striata | |
| 299 | Scaly-breasted Munia | Lonchura punctulata | |
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| 300 | Alpine Accentor | Prunella collaris | |
| 301 | /Altai Accentor/ | Prunella himalayana | |
| 302 | Rufous-breasted Accentor | Prunella strophiata | |
| 303 | /Black-throated Accentor/ | Prunella atrogularis | |
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| 304 | House Sparrow | Passer domesticus | |
| 305 | Russet Sparrow | Passer cinnamomeus | |
| 306 | Yellow-throated Sparrow | Gymnornis xanthocollis | |
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| 307 | Gray Wagtail | Motacilla cinerea | |
| 308 | /Citrine Wagtail/ | Motacilla citreola | |
| 309 | White-browed Wagtail | Motacilla maderaspatensis | |
| 310 | /White Wagtail/ | Motacilla alba | |
| 311 | Upland Pipit | Anthus sylvanus | |
| 312 | Rosy Pipit | Anthus roseatus | |
| 313 | /Tree Pipit/ | Anthus trivialis | |
| 314 | /Olive-backed Pipit/ | Anthus hodgsoni | |
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| 315 | /Common Chaffinch/ | Fringilla coelebs | |
| 316 | Black-and-yellow Grosbeak | Mycerobas icterioides | |
| 317 | Spot-winged Grosbeak | Mycerobas melanozanthos | |
| 318 | Common Rosefinch | Carpodacus erythrinus | |
| 319 | Scarlet Finch | Carpodacus sipahi | |
| 320 | Pink-browed Rosefinch | Carpodacus rodochroa | |
| 321 | Brown Bullfinch | Pyrrhula nipalensis | |
| 322 | Red-headed Bullfinch | Pyrrhula erythrocephala | |
| 323 | Dark-breasted Rosefinch | Procarduelis nipalensis | |
| 324 | Plain Mountain Finch | Leucosticte nemoricola | |
| 325 | Yellow-breasted Greenfinch | Chloris spinoides | |
| 326 | European Goldfinch | Carduelis carduelis | |
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| 327 | Rock Bunting | Emberiza cia | |
| 328 | /White-capped Bunting/ | Emberiza stewarti | |
| 329 | Chestnut-eared Bunting | Emberiza fucata | |
| 330 | Crested Bunting | Emberiza lathami | |
*Nomenclature and taxonomic affinities are based on Clements 6th Edition published 2007 with updates through 2021 maintained by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, which relies largely on the AOU and SACC nomenclature committees. IUCN status may reflect splits not currently recognized by Clements.
**Species not accepted by Clements, AOU, or SACC that we recognize based on the IOC, field observations along with geographical separation, consensus opinions of field guide authors, and other sources. These species are potential splits in future Clements updates.
OTHER LOCALES
PRESENCE CODES
| Code | Description | ## |
| // | Boreal Visitor | 62 |
| \\ | Austral Visitor | 0 |
| || | Transient | 1 |
| ## | Non-breeding Dispersal | 0 |
| <> | Erratic/Irregular | 0 |
| () | Breeding Season Only | 4 |
| {} | Casual/Vagrant | 0 |
| [] | Accidental | 0 |
STATUS CODES
| Code | Description | ## |
| NT | Near Threatened | 8 |
| V | Vulnerable | 3 |
| EN | Endangered | 2 |
| CR | Critically Endangered | 2 |
Species counts in code tables depend on completeness of the data. For some countries or locales, data may not include all species or information on species presence may be incomplete.