LIBEN PLAIN AND NEGELE
ETHIOPIA
LOCALE
| # Species*: | 348 |
| # Excl Vagrants*: | 348 |
| # Endemics*: | 7 |
| # Near Endemics*: | 5 |
| *Based on partial or incomplete data. | |
BIRD CHECKLIST
The table below lists species recorded at this locale but does not indicate frequency of occurrence there. It does indicate whether each species is globally threatened or endangered according to the IUCN and also whether it is migratory, very rare, or accidental in the country. The list is based on available data and may be incomplete.*
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| 1 | Somali Ostrich | Struthio molybdophanes |
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| 2 | Blue-winged Goose | Cyanochen cyanoptera |
| 3 | /Knob-billed Duck/ | Sarkidiornis melanotos |
| 4 | Egyptian Goose | Alopochen aegyptiaca |
| 5 | /Garganey/ | Spatula querquedula |
| 6 | /Northern Shoveler/ | Spatula clypeata |
| 7 | Yellow-billed Duck | Anas undulata |
| 8 | Red-billed Duck | Anas erythrorhyncha |
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| 9 | Helmeted Guineafowl | Numida meleagris |
| 10 | Vulturine Guineafowl | Acryllium vulturinum |
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| 11 | Crested Francolin | Ortygornis sephaena |
| 12 | Coqui Francolin | Campocolinus coqui |
| 13 | &Harlequin Quaill | Coturnix delegorguei |
| 14 | Yellow-necked Spurfowl | Pternistis leucoscepus |
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| 15 | Rock Pigeon | Columba livia |
| 16 | Speckled Pigeon | Columba guinea |
| 17 | Rameron Pigeon | Columba arquatrix |
| 18 | Dusky Turtle-Dove | Streptopelia lugens |
| 19 | African Collared-Dove | Streptopelia roseogrisea |
| 20 | White-winged Collared-Dove | Streptopelia reichenowi |
| 21 | Mourning Collared-Dove | Streptopelia decipiens |
| 22 | Red-eyed Dove | Streptopelia semitorquata |
| 23 | Ring-necked Dove | Streptopelia capicola |
| 24 | Vinaceous Dove | Streptopelia vinacea |
| 25 | Laughing Dove | Spilopelia senegalensis |
| 26 | Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove | Turtur chalcospilos |
| 27 | Tambourine Dove | Turtur tympanistria |
| 28 | Namaqua Dove | Oena capensis |
| 29 | Bruce's Green-Pigeon | Treron waalia |
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| 30 | Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse | Pterocles exustus |
| 31 | Lichtenstein's Sandgrouse | Pterocles lichtensteinii |
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| 32 | Kori Bustard | Ardeotis kori |
| 33 | White-bellied Bustard | Eupodotis senegalensis |
| 34 | Buff-crested Bustard | Lophotis gindiana |
| 35 | Hartlaub's Bustard | Lissotis hartlaubii |
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| 36 | White-bellied Go-away-bird | Crinifer leucogaster |
| 37 | Prince Ruspoli's Turaco | Menelikkornis ruspolii |
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| 38 | White-browed Coucal | Centropus superciliosus |
| 39 | Pied Cuckoo | Clamator jacobinus |
| 40 | Levaillant's Cuckoo | Clamator levaillantii |
| 41 | Great Spotted Cuckoo | Clamator glandarius |
| 42 | \Dideric Cuckoo\ | Chrysococcyx caprius |
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| 43 | Donaldson Smith's Nightjar | Caprimulgus donaldsoni |
| 44 | Montane Nightjar | Caprimulgus poliocephalus |
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| 45 | African Palm Swift | Cypsiurus parvus |
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| 46 | |Corn Crake| | Crex crex |
| 47 | Red-knobbed Coot | Fulica cristata |
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| 48 | /Common Crane/ | Grus grus |
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| 49 | /Black-winged Stilt/ | Himantopus himantopus |
| 50 | /Pied Avocet/ | Recurvirostra avosetta |
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| 51 | /Pacific Golden-Plover/ | Pluvialis fulva |
| 52 | /Common Ringed Plover/ | Charadrius hiaticula |
| 53 | /Little Ringed Plover/ | Thinornis dubius |
| 54 | Spur-winged Lapwing | Vanellus spinosus |
| 55 | Black-headed Lapwing | Vanellus tectus |
| 56 | Black-winged Lapwing | Vanellus melanopterus |
| 57 | Crowned Lapwing | Vanellus coronatus |
| 58 | Wattled Lapwing | Vanellus senegallus |
| 59 | /Caspian Plover/ | Anarhynchus asiaticus |
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| 60 | African Jacana | Actophilornis africanus |
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| 61 | /Eurasian Curlew/ | Numenius arquata |
| 62 | /Common Snipe/ | Gallinago gallinago |
| 63 | /Common Sandpiper/ | Actitis hypoleucos |
| 64 | /Green Sandpiper/ | Tringa ochropus |
| 65 | /Marsh Sandpiper/ | Tringa stagnatilis |
| 66 | /Wood Sandpiper/ | Tringa glareola |
| 67 | /Common Greenshank/ | Tringa nebularia |
| 68 | /Ruff/ | Calidris pugnax |
| 69 | /Little Stint/ | Calidris minuta |
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| 70 | Small Buttonquail | Turnix sylvaticus |
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| 71 | Three-banded Courser | Rhinoptilus cinctus |
| 72 | Somali Courser | Cursorius somalensis |
| 73 | Temminck's Courser | Cursorius temminckii |
| 74 | /Collared Pratincole/ | Glareola pratincola |
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| 75 | /Black-headed Gull/ | Chroicocephalus ridibundus |
| 76 | /Whiskered Tern/ | Chlidonias hybrida |
| 77 | /White-winged Tern/ | Chlidonias leucopterus |
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| 78 | Little Grebe | Tachybaptus ruficollis |
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| 79 | African Openbill | Anastomus lamelligerus |
| 80 | Abdim's Stork | Ciconia abdimii |
| 81 | /White Stork/ | Ciconia ciconia |
| 82 | Marabou Stork | Leptoptilos crumenifer |
| 83 | Yellow-billed Stork | Mycteria ibis |
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| 84 | /Glossy Ibis/ | Plegadis falcinellus |
| 85 | African Sacred Ibis | Threskiornis aethiopicus |
| 86 | Hadada Ibis | Bostrychia hagedash |
| 87 | Wattled Ibis | Bostrychia carunculata |
| 88 | African Spoonbill | Platalea alba |
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| 89 | /Dwarf Bittern/ | Botaurus sturmii |
| 90 | Little Egret | Egretta garzetta |
| 91 | Squacco Heron | Ardeola ralloides |
| 92 | Western Cattle-Egret | Bubulcus ibis |
| 93 | Great Egret | Ardea alba |
| 94 | Yellow-billed Egret | Ardea brachyrhyncha |
| 95 | /Gray Heron/ | Ardea cinerea |
| 96 | Black-headed Heron | Ardea melanocephala |
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| 97 | Hamerkop | Scopus umbretta |
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| 98 | Shoebill | Balaeniceps rex |
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| 99 | Secretarybird | Sagittarius serpentarius |
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| 100 | Scissor-tailed Kite | Chelictinia riocourii |
| 101 | Black-winged Kite | Elanus caeruleus |
| 102 | African Harrier-Hawk | Polyboroides typus |
| 103 | Egyptian Vulture | Neophron percnopterus |
| 104 | White-headed Vulture | Trigonoceps occipitalis |
| 105 | Lappet-faced Vulture | Torgos tracheliotos |
| 106 | Hooded Vulture | Necrosyrtes monachus |
| 107 | White-backed Vulture | Gyps africanus |
| 108 | Rueppell's Griffon | Gyps rueppelli |
| 109 | Bateleur | Terathopius ecaudatus |
| 110 | Black-chested Snake-Eagle | Circaetus pectoralis |
| 111 | /Short-toed Snake-Eagle/ | Circaetus gallicus |
| 112 | Martial Eagle | Polemaetus bellicosus |
| 113 | Long-crested Eagle | Lophaetus occipitalis |
| 114 | /Lesser Spotted Eagle/ | Clanga pomarina |
| 115 | /Wahlberg's Eagle/ | Hieraaetus wahlbergi |
| 116 | /Booted Eagle/ | Hieraaetus pennatus |
| 117 | Tawny Eagle | Aquila rapax |
| 118 | /Steppe Eagle/ | Aquila nipalensis |
| 119 | African Hawk-Eagle | Aquila spilogaster |
| 120 | Bat Hawk | Macheiramphus alcinus |
| 121 | Gabar Goshawk | Micronisus gabar |
| 122 | Dark Chanting-Goshawk | Melierax metabates |
| 123 | Eastern Chanting-Goshawk | Melierax poliopterus |
| 124 | Shikra | Tachyspiza badius |
| 125 | /Western Marsh Harrier/ | Circus aeruginosus |
| 126 | /Pallid Harrier/ | Circus macrourus |
| 127 | /Montagu's Harrier/ | Circus pygargus |
| 128 | Black Kite | Milvus migrans |
| 129 | African Fish-Eagle | Icthyophaga vocifer |
| 130 | /Common Buzzard/ | Buteo buteo |
| 131 | Augur Buzzard | Buteo augur |
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| 132 | Verreaux's Eagle-Owl | Ketupa lactea |
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| 133 | Speckled Mousebird | Colius striatus |
| 134 | Blue-naped Mousebird | Urocolius macrourus |
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| 135 | Common Hoopoe | Upupa epops |
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| 136 | Black-billed Woodhoopoe | Phoeniculus somaliensis |
| 137 | Black Scimitarbill | Rhinopomastus aterrimus |
| 138 | Abyssinian Scimitarbill | Rhinopomastus minor |
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| 139 | Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill | Bucorvus abyssinicus |
| 140 | Hemprich's Hornbill | Lophoceros hemprichii |
| 141 | African Gray Hornbill | Lophoceros nasutus |
| 142 | Northern Red-billed Hornbill | Tockus erythrorhynchus |
| 143 | Eastern Yellow-billed Hornbill | Tockus flavirostris |
| 144 | Von der Decken's Hornbill | Tockus deckeni |
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| 145 | Red-throated Bee-eater | Merops bulocki |
| 146 | Little Bee-eater | Merops pusillus |
| 147 | Ethiopian Bee-eater | Merops lafresnayii |
| 148 | /Blue-cheeked Bee-eater/ | Merops persicus |
| 149 | /European Bee-eater/ | Merops apiaster |
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| 150 | African Pygmy Kingfisher | Ispidina picta |
| 151 | Gray-headed Kingfisher | Halcyon leucocephala |
| 152 | Striped Kingfisher | Halcyon chelicuti |
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| 153 | /European Roller/ | Coracias garrulus |
| 154 | Abyssinian Roller | Coracias abyssinicus |
| 155 | Lilac-breasted Roller | Coracias caudatus |
| 156 | Purple Roller | Coracias naevius |
| 157 | (Broad-billed Roller) | Eurystomus glaucurus |
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| 158 | Red-and-yellow Barbet | Trachyphonus erythrocephalus |
| 159 | Northern Red-fronted Tinkerbird | Pogoniulus uropygialis |
| 160 | Black-throated Barbet | Tricholaema melanocephala |
| 161 | Black-billed Barbet | Lybius guifsobalito |
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| 162 | Brown-backed Honeybird | Prodotiscus regulus |
| 163 | Lesser Honeyguide | Indicator minor |
| 164 | Greater Honeyguide | Indicator indicator |
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| 165 | Cardinal Woodpecker | Dendropicos fuscescens |
| 166 | Nubian Woodpecker | Campethera nubica |
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| 167 | Pygmy Falcon | Polihierax semitorquatus |
| 168 | /Lesser Kestrel/ | Falco naumanni |
| 169 | Eurasian Kestrel | Falco tinnunculus |
| 170 | Gray Kestrel | Falco ardosiaceus |
| 171 | |Amur Falcon| | Falco amurensis |
| 172 | |Sooty Falcon| | Falco concolor |
| 173 | |Eurasian Hobby| | Falco subbuteo |
| 174 | African Hobby | Falco cuvierii |
| 175 | Lanner Falcon | Falco biarmicus |
| 176 | Peregrine Falcon | Falco peregrinus |
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| 177 | Red-bellied Parrot | Poicephalus rufiventris |
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| 178 | Ethiopian Black-headed Oriole | Oriolus monacha |
| 179 | African Black-headed Oriole | Oriolus larvatus |
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| 180 | Gray-headed Batis | Batis orientalis |
| 181 | Western Black-headed Batis | Batis erlangeri |
| 182 | Pygmy Batis | Batis perkeo |
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| 183 | White-crested Helmetshrike | Prionops plumatus |
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| 184 | Brubru | Nilaus afer |
| 185 | Northern Puffback | Dryoscopus gambensis |
| 186 | Pringle's Puffback | Dryoscopus pringlii |
| 187 | Black-crowned Tchagra | Tchagra senegalus |
| 188 | Three-streaked Tchagra | Tchagra jamesi |
| 189 | Red-naped Bushshrike | Laniarius ruficeps |
| 190 | Ethiopian Boubou | Laniarius aethiopicus |
| 191 | Slate-colored Boubou | Laniarius funebris |
| 192 | Rosy-patched Bushshrike | Rhodophoneus cruentus |
| 193 | Sulphur-breasted Bushshrike | Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus |
| 194 | Gray-headed Bushshrike | Malaconotus blanchoti |
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| 195 | Fork-tailed Drongo | Dicrurus adsimilis |
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| 196 | African Paradise-Flycatcher | Terpsiphone viridis |
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| 197 | |Red-backed Shrike| | Lanius collurio |
| 198 | /Red-tailed Shrike/ | Lanius phoenicuroides |
| 199 | /Isabelline Shrike/ | Lanius isabellinus |
| 200 | Great Gray Shrike | Lanius excubitor |
| 201 | |Lesser Gray Shrike| | Lanius minor |
| 202 | Taita Fiscal | Lanius dorsalis |
| 203 | Somali Fiscal | Lanius somalicus |
| 204 | Northern Fiscal | Lanius humeralis |
| 205 | White-rumped Shrike | Eurocephalus ruppelli |
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| 206 | Ethiopian Bush-Crow | Zavattariornis stresemanni |
| 207 | Pied Crow | Corvus albus |
| 208 | Somali Crow | Corvus edithae |
| 209 | Fan-tailed Raven | Corvus rhipidurus |
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| 210 | White-winged Black-Tit | Melaniparus leucomelas |
| 211 | Somali Tit | Melaniparus thruppi |
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| 212 | Mouse-colored Penduline-Tit | Anthoscopus musculus |
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| 213 | Gillett's Lark | Calendulauda gilletti |
| 214 | Fawn-colored Lark | Calendulauda africanoides |
| 215 | Liben Lark | Heteromirafra archeri |
| 216 | Flappet Lark | Amirafra rufocinnamomea |
| 217 | Thekla's Lark | Galerida theklae |
| 218 | /Greater Short-toed Lark/ | Calandrella brachydactyla |
| 219 | Short-tailed Lark | Pseudalaemon fremantlii |
| 220 | Somali Short-toed Lark | Alaudala somalica |
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| 221 | Northern Crombec | Sylvietta brachyura |
| 222 | Red-faced Crombec | Sylvietta whytii |
| 223 | Somali Crombec | Sylvietta isabellina |
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| 224 | Yellow-vented Eremomela | Eremomela flavicrissalis |
| 225 | Yellow-bellied Eremomela | Eremomela icteropygialis |
| 226 | Green-backed Eremomela | Eremomela canescens |
| 227 | Gray Wren-Warbler | Calamonastes simplex |
| 228 | Green-backed Camaroptera | Camaroptera brachyura |
| 229 | Buff-bellied Warbler | Phyllolais pulchella |
| 230 | Yellow-breasted Apalis | Apalis flavida |
| 231 | Pale Prinia | Prinia somalica |
| 232 | Red-fronted Warbler | Prinia rufifrons |
| 233 | Red-faced Cisticola | Cisticola erythrops |
| 234 | Singing Cisticola | Cisticola cantans |
| 235 | Boran Cisticola | Cisticola bodessa |
| 236 | Rattling Cisticola | Cisticola chiniana |
| 237 | Ashy Cisticola | Cisticola cinereolus |
| 238 | Tiny Cisticola | Cisticola nana |
| 239 | Zitting Cisticola | Cisticola juncidis |
| 240 | Desert Cisticola | Cisticola aridulus |
| 241 | Pectoral-patch Cisticola | Cisticola brunnescens |
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| 242 | |Basra Reed Warbler| | Acrocephalus griseldis |
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| 243 | Black Sawwing | Psalidoprocne pristoptera |
| 244 | Banded Martin | Neophedina cincta |
| 245 | Plain Martin | Riparia paludicola |
| 246 | /Bank Swallow/ | Riparia riparia |
| 247 | White-tailed Swallow | Hirundo megaensis |
| 248 | /Barn Swallow/ | Hirundo rustica |
| 249 | Ethiopian Swallow | Hirundo aethiopica |
| 250 | Wire-tailed Swallow | Hirundo smithii |
| 251 | /Western House-Martin/ | Delichon urbicum |
| 252 | African Red-rumped Swallow | Cecropis melanocrissus |
| 253 | Lesser Striped Swallow | Cecropis abyssinica |
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| 254 | Northern Brownbul | Phyllastrephus strepitans |
| 255 | Common Bulbul | Pycnonotus barbatus |
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| 256 | |Willow Warbler| | Phylloscopus trochilus |
| 257 | /Common Chiffchaff/ | Phylloscopus collybita |
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| 258 | Banded Parisoma | Curruca boehmi |
| 259 | /Lesser Whitethroat/ | Curruca curruca |
| 260 | /Greater Whitethroat/ | Curruca communis |
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| 261 | Pale White-eye | Zosterops flavilateralis |
| 262 | Abyssinian White-eye | Zosterops abyssinicus |
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| 263 | Rufous Chatterer | Argya rubiginosa |
| 264 | White-rumped Babbler | Turdoides leucopygia |
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| 265 | Red-billed Oxpecker | Buphagus erythroryncha |
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| 266 | &Wattled Starlingl | Creatophora cinerea |
| 267 | &Violet-backed Starlingl | Cinnyricinclus leucogaster |
| 268 | Bristle-crowned Starling | Onychognathus salvadorii |
| 269 | Shelley's Starling | Lamprotornis shelleyi |
| 270 | Rueppell's Starling | Lamprotornis purpuroptera |
| 271 | Golden-breasted Starling | Lamprotornis regius |
| 272 | Superb Starling | Lamprotornis superbus |
| 273 | White-crowned Starling | Lamprotornis albicapillus |
| 274 | Lesser Blue-eared Starling | Lamprotornis chloropterus |
| 275 | Greater Blue-eared Starling | Lamprotornis chalybaeus |
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| 276 | African Bare-eyed Thrush | Turdus tephronotus |
| 277 | African Thrush | Turdus pelios |
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| 278 | African Dusky Flycatcher | Muscicapa adusta |
| 279 | |Spotted Flycatcher| | Muscicapa striata |
| 280 | African Gray Flycatcher | Bradornis microrhynchus |
| 281 | Pale Flycatcher | Agricola pallidus |
| 282 | Gray Tit-Flycatcher | Fraseria plumbeus |
| 283 | Northern Black-Flycatcher | Melaenornis edolioides |
| 284 | White-browed Scrub Robin | Cercotrichas leucophrys |
| 285 | Spotted Morning-Thrush | Cichladusa guttata |
| 286 | |Thrush Nightingale| | Luscinia luscinia |
| 287 | /Common Redstart/ | Phoenicurus phoenicurus |
| 288 | /Rufous-tailed Rock-Thrush/ | Monticola saxatilis |
| 289 | /Whinchat/ | Saxicola rubetra |
| 290 | /Northern Wheatear/ | Oenanthe oenanthe |
| 291 | Rusty-breasted Wheatear | Oenanthe frenata |
| 292 | /Isabelline Wheatear/ | Oenanthe isabellina |
| 293 | /Desert Wheatear/ | Oenanthe deserti |
| 294 | /Cyprus Wheatear/ | Oenanthe cypriaca |
| 295 | Eastern Black-eared Wheatear | Oenanthe melanoleuca |
| 296 | /Pied Wheatear/ | Oenanthe pleschanka |
| 297 | Brown-tailed Chat | Oenanthe scotocerca |
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| 298 | Eastern Violet-backed Sunbird | Anthreptes orientalis |
| 299 | Collared Sunbird | Hedydipna collaris |
| 300 | Scarlet-chested Sunbird | Chalcomitra senegalensis |
| 301 | Hunter's Sunbird | Chalcomitra hunteri |
| 302 | Marico Sunbird | Cinnyris mariquensis |
| 303 | Black-bellied Sunbird | Cinnyris nectarinioides |
| 304 | Abyssinian Sunbird | Cinnyris habessinicus |
| 305 | Variable Sunbird | Cinnyris venustus |
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| 306 | Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver | Bubalornis niger |
| 307 | White-headed Buffalo-Weaver | Dinemellia dinemelli |
| 308 | White-browed Sparrow-Weaver | Plocepasser mahali |
| 309 | Gray-capped Social-Weaver | Pseudonigrita arnaudi |
| 310 | Red-headed Weaver | Anaplectes rubriceps |
| 311 | Lesser Masked-Weaver | Ploceus intermedius |
| 312 | Vitelline Masked-Weaver | Ploceus vitellinus |
| 313 | Rueppell's Weaver | Ploceus galbula |
| 314 | Speke's Weaver | Ploceus spekei |
| 315 | Village Weaver | Ploceus cucullatus |
| 316 | Juba Weaver | Ploceus dichrocephalus |
| 317 | Chestnut Weaver | Ploceus rubiginosus |
| 318 | Red-billed Quelea | Quelea quelea |
| 319 | White-winged Widowbird | Euplectes albonotatus |
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| 320 | Bronze Mannikin | Spermestes cucullata |
| 321 | Black-cheeked Waxbill | Brunhilda charmosyna |
| 322 | Common Waxbill | Estrilda astrild |
| 323 | Crimson-rumped Waxbill | Estrilda rhodopyga |
| 324 | Cut-throat | Amadina fasciata |
| 325 | Purple Grenadier | Granatina ianthinogaster |
| 326 | Red-cheeked Cordonbleu | Uraeginthus bengalus |
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| 327 | Pin-tailed Whydah | Vidua macroura |
| 328 | Straw-tailed Whydah | Vidua fischeri |
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| 329 | Shelley's Rufous Sparrow | Passer shelleyi |
| 330 | Northern Gray-headed Sparrow | Passer griseus |
| 331 | Swainson's Sparrow | Passer swainsonii |
| 332 | Chestnut Sparrow | Passer eminibey |
| 333 | Yellow-spotted Bush Sparrow | Gymnornis pyrgita |
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| 334 | /Gray Wagtail/ | Motacilla cinerea |
| 335 | /Western Yellow Wagtail/ | Motacilla flava |
| 336 | African Pied Wagtail | Motacilla aguimp |
| 337 | African Pipit | Anthus cinnamomeus |
| 338 | Long-billed Pipit | Anthus similis |
| 339 | /Tawny Pipit/ | Anthus campestris |
| 340 | Plain-backed Pipit | Anthus leucophrys |
| 341 | /Tree Pipit/ | Anthus trivialis |
| 342 | /Red-throated Pipit/ | Anthus cervinus |
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| 343 | Reichenow's Seedeater | Crithagra reichenowi |
| 344 | Salvadori's Serin | Crithagra xantholaemus |
| 345 | Northern Grosbeak-Canary | Crithagra donaldsoni |
| 346 | Brown-rumped Seedeater | Crithagra tristriatus |
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| 347 | /Ortolan Bunting/ | Emberiza hortulana |
| 348 | Somali Bunting | Emberiza poliopleura |
*Nomenclature and taxonomic affinities are based on Clements 6th Edition published 2007 with updates through 2021 maintained by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, which relies largely on the AOU and SACC nomenclature committees. IUCN status may reflect splits not currently recognized by Clements.
**Species not accepted by Clements, AOU, or SACC that we recognize based on the IOC, field observations along with geographical separation, consensus opinions of field guide authors, and other sources. These species are potential splits in future Clements updates.
OTHER LOCALES
PRESENCE CODES
| Code | Description | ## |
| // | Boreal Visitor | 63 |
| \\ | Austral Visitor | 1 |
| || | Transient | 10 |
| ## | Non-breeding Dispersal | 0 |
| <> | Erratic/Irregular | 3 |
| () | Breeding Season Only | 1 |
| {} | Casual/Vagrant | 0 |
| [] | Accidental | 0 |
STATUS CODES
| Code | Description | ## |
| NT | Near Threatened | 6 |
| V | Vulnerable | 7 |
| EN | Endangered | 8 |
| CR | Critically Endangered | 5 |
Species counts in code tables depend on completeness of the data. For some countries or locales, data may not include all species or information on species presence may be incomplete.