GELEPHU AREA
BHUTAN
LOCALE
| # Species: | 328 |
| # Excl Vagrants: | 328 |
| # Endemics: | 0 |
| # Near Endemics: | 1 |
| Habitat: Lowland forest | |
BIRD CHECKLIST
The table below lists species recorded at this locale but does not indicate frequency of occurrence there. It does indicate whether each species is globally threatened or endangered according to the IUCN and also whether it is migratory, very rare, or accidental in the country. The list is based on available data and may be incomplete.*
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| 1 | Lesser Whistling-Duck | Dendrocygna javanica | |
| 2 | /Ruddy Shelduck/ | Tadorna ferruginea | |
| 3 | /Garganey/ | Spatula querquedula | |
| 4 | /Mallard/ | Anas platyrhynchos | |
| 5 | |Green-winged Teal| | Anas crecca | |
| 6 | /Common Merganser/ | Mergus merganser | |
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| 7 | Hill Partridge | Arborophila torqueola | |
| 8 | Indian Peafowl | Pavo cristatus | |
| 9 | Gray Peacock-Pheasant | Polyplectron bicalcaratum | |
| 10 | Red Junglefowl | Gallus gallus | |
| 11 | Black Francolin | Francolinus francolinus | |
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| 12 | Rock Pigeon | Columba livia | |
| 13 | Oriental Turtle-Dove | Streptopelia orientalis | |
| 14 | Eurasian Collared-Dove | Streptopelia decaocto | |
| 15 | Red Collared-Dove | Streptopelia tranquebarica | |
| 16 | (Spotted Dove) | Spilopelia chinensis | |
| 17 | Barred Cuckoo-Dove | Macropygia unchall | |
| 18 | Asian Emerald Dove | Chalcophaps indica | |
| 19 | Ashy-headed Green-Pigeon | Treron phayrei | |
| 20 | Thick-billed Green-Pigeon | Treron curvirostra | |
| 21 | Yellow-footed Green-Pigeon | Treron phoenicopterus | |
| 22 | Pin-tailed Green-Pigeon | Treron apicauda | |
| 23 | Wedge-tailed Green-Pigeon | Treron sphenurus | |
| 24 | Green Imperial-Pigeon | Ducula aenea | |
| 25 | Mountain Imperial-Pigeon | Ducula badia | |
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| 26 | (Indian Cuckoo) | Cuculus micropterus | |
| 27 | (Common Cuckoo) | Cuculus canorus | |
| 28 | (Himalayan Cuckoo) | Cuculus saturatus | |
| 29 | Greater Coucal | Centropus sinensis | |
| 30 | Lesser Coucal | Centropus bengalensis | |
| 31 | Green-billed Malkoha | Phaenicophaeus tristis | |
| 32 | (Chestnut-winged Cuckoo) | Clamator coromandus | |
| 33 | Asian Koel | Eudynamys scolopaceus | |
| 34 | (Asian Emerald Cuckoo) | Chrysococcyx maculatus | |
| 35 | Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo | Surniculus lugubris | |
| 36 | (Common Hawk-Cuckoo) | Hierococcyx varius | |
| 37 | (Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo) | Hierococcyx nisicolor | |
| 38 | Banded Bay Cuckoo | Cacomantis sonneratii | |
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| 39 | Large-tailed Nightjar | Caprimulgus macrurus | |
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| 40 | (White-throated Needletail) | Hirundapus caudacutus | |
| 41 | House Swift | Apus nipalensis | |
| 42 | (Asian Palm Swift) | Cypsiurus balasiensis | |
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| 43 | White-breasted Waterhen | Amaurornis phoenicurus | |
| 44 | Black-tailed Crake | Zapornia bicolor | |
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| 45 | Great Thick-knee | Esacus recurvirostris | |
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| 46 | Ibisbill | Ibidorhyncha struthersii | |
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| 47 | /Little Ringed Plover/ | Charadrius dubius | |
| 48 | /Long-billed Plover/ | Charadrius placidus | |
| 49 | River Lapwing | Vanellus duvaucelii | |
| 50 | Gray-headed Lapwing | Vanellus cinereus | |
| 51 | (Red-wattled Lapwing) | Vanellus indicus | |
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| 52 | Greater Painted-Snipe | Rostratula benghalensis | |
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| 53 | /Pin-tailed Snipe/ | Gallinago stenura | |
| 54 | /Common Snipe/ | Gallinago gallinago | |
| 55 | /Common Sandpiper/ | Actitis hypoleucos | |
| 56 | /Green Sandpiper/ | Tringa ochropus | |
| 57 | Wood Sandpiper | Tringa glareola | |
| 58 | Spotted Redshank | Tringa erythropus | |
| 59 | /Common Greenshank/ | Tringa nebularia | |
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| 60 | (Small Pratincole) | Glareola lactea | |
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| 61 | Asian Openbill | Anastomus oscitans | |
| 62 | /Black Stork/ | Ciconia nigra | |
| 63 | Lesser Adjutant | Leptoptilos javanicus | |
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| 64 | Little Cormorant | Microcarbo niger | |
| 65 | Great Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | |
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| 66 | Black-crowned Night Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | |
| 67 | Little Egret | Egretta garzetta | |
| 68 | (Striated Heron) | Butorides striata | |
| 69 | Indian Pond-Heron | Ardeola grayii | |
| 70 | Eastern Cattle Egret | Bubulcus coromandus | |
| 71 | Medium Egret | Ardea intermedia | |
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| 72 | Red-naped Ibis | Pseudibis papillosa | |
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| 73 | /Osprey/ | Pandion haliaetus | |
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| 74 | Black-winged Kite | Elanus caeruleus | |
| 75 | |Oriental Honey-buzzard| | Pernis ptilorhynchus | |
| 76 | Jerdon's Baza | Aviceda jerdoni | |
| 77 | Crested Serpent-Eagle | Spilornis cheela | |
| 78 | Mountain Hawk-Eagle | Nisaetus nipalensis | |
| 79 | Rufous-bellied Eagle | Lophotriorchis kienerii | |
| 80 | Black Eagle | Ictinaetus malaiensis | |
| 81 | |Steppe Eagle| | Aquila nipalensis | |
| 82 | Crested Goshawk | Accipiter trivirgatus | |
| 83 | Shikra | Accipiter badius | |
| 84 | Besra | Accipiter virgatus | |
| 85 | Eurasian Sparrowhawk | Accipiter nisus | |
| 86 | Black Kite | Milvus migrans | |
| 87 | Pallas's Fish-Eagle | Haliaeetus leucoryphus | |
| 88 | /Himalayan Buzzard/ | Buteo reflectus | |
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| 89 | Mountain Scops-Owl | Otus spilocephalus | |
| 90 | Oriental Scops-Owl | Otus sunia | |
| 91 | Tawny Fish-Owl | Ketupa flavipes | |
| 92 | Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl | Ketupa nipalensis | |
| 93 | Collared Owlet | Glaucidium brodiei | |
| 94 | Asian Barred Owlet | Glaucidium cuculoides | |
| 95 | Spotted Owlet | Athene brama | |
| 96 | Brown Wood-Owl | Strix leptogrammica | |
| 97 | Brown Boobook | Ninox scutulata | |
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| 98 | Red-headed Trogon | Harpactes erythrocephalus | |
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| 99 | Eurasian Hoopoe | Upupa epops | |
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| 100 | Great Hornbill | Buceros bicornis | |
| 101 | Oriental Pied-Hornbill | Anthracoceros albirostris | |
| 102 | Rufous-necked Hornbill | Aceros nipalensis | |
| 103 | Wreathed Hornbill | Rhyticeros undulatus | |
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| 104 | Common Kingfisher | Alcedo atthis | |
| 105 | White-throated Kingfisher | Halcyon smyrnensis | |
| 106 | Crested Kingfisher | Megaceryle lugubris | |
| 107 | Pied Kingfisher | Ceryle rudis | |
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| 108 | Blue-bearded Bee-eater | Nyctyornis athertoni | |
| 109 | Asian Green Bee-eater | Merops orientalis | |
| 110 | Chestnut-headed Bee-eater | Merops leschenaulti | |
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| 111 | Indian Roller | Coracias benghalensis | |
| 112 | Indochinese Roller | Coracias affinis | |
| 113 | Oriental Dollarbird | Eurystomus orientalis | |
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| 114 | Coppersmith Barbet | Psilopogon haemacephalus | |
| 115 | Great Barbet | Psilopogon virens | |
| 116 | Lineated Barbet | Psilopogon lineatus | |
| 117 | Golden-throated Barbet | Psilopogon franklinii | |
| 118 | Blue-throated Barbet | Psilopogon asiaticus | |
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| 119 | Yellow-rumped Honeyguide | Indicator xanthonotus | |
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| 120 | |Eurasian Wryneck| | Jynx torquilla | |
| 121 | Speckled Piculet | Picumnus innominatus | |
| 122 | White-browed Piculet | Sasia ochracea | |
| 123 | Gray-capped Pygmy Woodpecker | Yungipicus canicapillus | |
| 124 | Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker | Dendrocopos macei | |
| 125 | Bay Woodpecker | Blythipicus pyrrhotis | |
| 126 | Rufous Woodpecker | Micropternus brachyurus | |
| 127 | Himalayan Flameback | Dinopium shorii | |
| 128 | Lesser Yellownape | Picus chlorolophus | |
| 129 | Gray-headed Woodpecker | Picus canus | |
| 130 | Greater Yellownape | Chrysophlegma flavinucha | |
| 131 | Greater Flameback | Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus | |
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| 132 | Eurasian Kestrel | Falco tinnunculus | |
| 133 | (Oriental Hobby) | Falco severus | |
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| 134 | Alexandrine Parakeet | Psittacula eupatria | |
| 135 | Rose-ringed Parakeet | Psittacula krameri | |
| 136 | Slaty-headed Parakeet | Psittacula himalayana | |
| 137 | Red-breasted Parakeet | Psittacula alexandri | |
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| 138 | Long-tailed Broadbill | Psarisomus dalhousiae | |
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| 139 | Gray-chinned Minivet | Pericrocotus solaris | |
| 140 | (Long-tailed Minivet) | Pericrocotus ethologus | |
| 141 | Scarlet Minivet | Pericrocotus speciosus | |
| 142 | Large Cuckooshrike | Coracina macei | |
| 143 | (Black-winged Cuckooshrike) | Lalage melaschistos | |
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| 144 | White-browed Shrike-Babbler | Pteruthius aeralatus | |
| 145 | Black-eared Shrike-Babbler | Pteruthius melanotis | |
| 146 | White-bellied Erpornis | Erpornis zantholeuca | |
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| 147 | (Slender-billed Oriole) | Oriolus tenuirostris | |
| 148 | Black-hooded Oriole | Oriolus xanthornus | |
| 149 | Maroon Oriole | Oriolus traillii | |
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| 150 | Ashy Woodswallow | Artamus fuscus | |
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| 151 | Large Woodshrike | Tephrodornis virgatus | |
| 152 | Common Woodshrike | Tephrodornis pondicerianus | |
| 153 | Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike | Hemipus picatus | |
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| 154 | Common Iora | Aegithina tiphia | |
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| 155 | White-throated Fantail | Rhipidura albicollis | |
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| 156 | Black Drongo | Dicrurus macrocercus | |
| 157 | Ashy Drongo | Dicrurus leucophaeus | |
| 158 | Bronzed Drongo | Dicrurus aeneus | |
| 159 | Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo | Dicrurus remifer | |
| 160 | Hair-crested Drongo | Dicrurus hottentottus | |
| 161 | Greater Racket-tailed Drongo | Dicrurus paradiseus | |
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| 162 | Black-naped Monarch | Hypothymis azurea | |
| 163 | Indian Paradise-Flycatcher | Terpsiphone paradisi | |
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| 164 | /Brown Shrike/ | Lanius cristatus | |
| 165 | Long-tailed Shrike | Lanius schach | |
| 166 | Gray-backed Shrike | Lanius tephronotus | |
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| 167 | Yellow-billed Blue-Magpie | Urocissa flavirostris | |
| 168 | Common Green-Magpie | Cissa chinensis | |
| 169 | Rufous Treepie | Dendrocitta vagabunda | |
| 170 | Gray Treepie | Dendrocitta formosae | |
| 171 | Black-rumped Magpie | Pica bottanensis | |
| 172 | Red-billed Chough | Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax | |
| 173 | House Crow | Corvus splendens | |
| 174 | Large-billed Crow | Corvus macrorhynchos | |
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| 175 | Yellow-bellied Fairy-Fantail | Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus | |
| 176 | Gray-headed Canary-Flycatcher | Culicicapa ceylonensis | |
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| 177 | Cinereous Tit | Parus cinereus | |
| 178 | Green-backed Tit | Parus monticolus | |
| 179 | Yellow-cheeked Tit | Machlolophus spilonotus | |
| 180 | Sultan Tit | Melanochlora sultanea | |
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| 181 | Bengal Bushlark | Mirafra assamica | |
| 182 | Sand Lark | Alaudala raytal | |
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| 183 | Common Tailorbird | Orthotomus sutorius | |
| 184 | Gray-breasted Prinia | Prinia hodgsonii | |
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| 185 | |Thick-billed Warbler| | Arundinax aedon | |
| 186 | |Blyth's Reed Warbler| | Acrocephalus dumetorum | |
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| 187 | Pygmy Cupwing | Pnoepyga pusilla | |
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| 188 | (Gray-throated Martin) | Riparia chinensis | |
| 189 | |Bank Swallow| | Riparia riparia | |
| 190 | (Eurasian Crag-Martin) | Ptyonoprogne rupestris | |
| 191 | Nepal House-Martin | Delichon nipalense | |
| 192 | (Red-rumped Swallow) | Cecropis daurica | |
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| 193 | White-throated Bulbul | Alophoixus flaveolus | |
| 194 | Ashy Bulbul | Hemixos flavala | |
| 195 | Mountain Bulbul | Ixos mcclellandii | |
| 196 | Black Bulbul | Hypsipetes leucocephalus | |
| 197 | Black-crested Bulbul | Rubigula flaviventris | |
| 198 | Red-whiskered Bulbul | Pycnonotus jocosus | |
| 199 | Red-vented Bulbul | Pycnonotus cafer | |
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| 200 | Ashy-throated Warbler | Phylloscopus maculipennis | |
| 201 | /Yellow-browed Warbler/ | Phylloscopus inornatus | |
| 202 | Lemon-rumped Warbler | Phylloscopus chloronotus | |
| 203 | |Tickell's Leaf Warbler| | Phylloscopus affinis | |
| 204 | /Dusky Warbler/ | Phylloscopus fuscatus | |
| 205 | Common Chiffchaff | Phylloscopus collybita | |
| 206 | Gray-cheeked Warbler | Phylloscopus poliogenys | |
| 207 | (Green-crowned Warbler) | Phylloscopus burkii | |
| 208 | (Whistler's Warbler) | Phylloscopus whistleri | |
| 209 | (Large-billed Leaf Warbler) | Phylloscopus magnirostris | |
| 210 | (Chestnut-crowned Warbler) | Phylloscopus castaniceps | |
| 211 | Yellow-vented Warbler | Phylloscopus cantator | |
| 212 | Gray-hooded Warbler | Phylloscopus xanthoschistos | |
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| 213 | Gray-sided Bush Warbler | Cettia brunnifrons | |
| 214 | Chestnut-headed Tesia | Cettia castaneocoronata | |
| 215 | Yellow-bellied Warbler | Abroscopus superciliaris | |
| 216 | Black-faced Warbler | Abroscopus schisticeps | |
| 217 | Aberrant Bush Warbler | Horornis flavolivaceus | |
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| 218 | White-browed Fulvetta | Fulvetta vinipectus | |
| 219 | Gray-headed Parrotbill | Psittiparus gularis | |
| 220 | Pale-billed Parrotbill | Suthora atrosuperciliaris | |
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| 221 | Striated Yuhina | Staphida castaniceps | |
| 222 | White-naped Yuhina | Yuhina bakeri | |
| 223 | Whiskered Yuhina | Yuhina flavicollis | |
| 224 | Stripe-throated Yuhina | Yuhina gularis | |
| 225 | Black-chinned Yuhina | Yuhina nigrimenta | |
| 226 | Indian White-eye | Zosterops palpebrosus | |
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| 227 | Pin-striped Tit-Babbler | Mixornis gularis | |
| 228 | Golden Babbler | Cyanoderma chrysaeum | |
| 229 | Rufous-capped Babbler | Cyanoderma ruficeps | |
| 230 | Black-crowned Scimitar-Babbler | Pomatorhinus ferruginosus | |
| 231 | White-browed Scimitar-Babbler | Pomatorhinus schisticeps | |
| 232 | Rusty-cheeked Scimitar-Babbler | Erythrogenys erythrogenys | |
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| 233 | Rufous-winged Fulvetta | Schoeniparus castaneceps | |
| 234 | Rufous-throated Fulvetta | Schoeniparus rufogularis | |
| 235 | Long-billed Wren-Babbler | Napothera malacoptila | |
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| 236 | Nepal Fulvetta | Alcippe nipalensis | |
| 237 | Striated Laughingthrush | Grammatoptila striata | |
| 238 | Himalayan Cutia | Cutia nipalensis | |
| 239 | Bhutan Laughingthrush | Trochalopteron imbricatum | |
| 240 | Chestnut-crowned Laughingthrush | Trochalopteron erythrocephalum | |
| 241 | Long-tailed Sibia | Heterophasia picaoides | |
| 242 | Rufous Sibia | Heterophasia capistrata | |
| 243 | Hoary-throated Barwing | Actinodura nipalensis | |
| 244 | Blue-winged Minla | Actinodura cyanouroptera | |
| 245 | Rusty-fronted Barwing | Actinodura egertoni | |
| 246 | Red-billed Leiothrix | Leiothrix lutea | |
| 247 | Silver-eared Mesia | Leiothrix argentauris | |
| 248 | Red-tailed Minla | Minla ignotincta | |
| 249 | Red-faced Liocichla | Liocichla phoenicea | |
| 250 | Jungle Babbler | Argya striata | |
| 251 | Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush | Garrulax monileger | |
| 252 | White-crested Laughingthrush | Garrulax leucolophus | |
| 253 | Rufous-necked Laughingthrush | Pterorhinus ruficollis | |
| 254 | Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush | Pterorhinus pectoralis | |
| 255 | White-throated Laughingthrush | Pterorhinus albogularis | |
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| 256 | /Wallcreeper/ | Tichodroma muraria | |
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| 257 | Beautiful Nuthatch | Sitta formosa | |
| 258 | White-tailed Nuthatch | Sitta himalayensis | |
| 259 | Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch | Sitta cinnamoventris | |
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| 260 | Rusty-flanked Treecreeper | Certhia nipalensis | |
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| 261 | Brown Dipper | Cinclus pallasii | |
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| 262 | Common Hill Myna | Gracula religiosa | |
| 263 | Indian Pied Starling | Gracupica contra | |
| 264 | Chestnut-tailed Starling | Sturnia malabarica | |
| 265 | Common Myna | Acridotheres tristis | |
| 266 | Bank Myna | Acridotheres ginginianus | |
| 267 | Jungle Myna | Acridotheres fuscus | |
| 268 | Great Myna | Acridotheres grandis | |
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| 269 | /Black-throated Thrush/ | Turdus atrogularis | |
| 270 | Gray-winged Blackbird | Turdus boulboul | |
| 271 | White-collared Blackbird | Turdus albocinctus | |
| 272 | (Green Cochoa) | Cochoa viridis | |
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| 273 | (Dark-sided Flycatcher) | Muscicapa sibirica | |
| 274 | (Asian Brown Flycatcher) | Muscicapa dauurica | |
| 275 | Oriental Magpie-Robin | Copsychus saularis | |
| 276 | White-rumped Shama | Copsychus malabaricus | |
| 277 | Large Niltava | Niltava grandis | |
| 278 | Small Niltava | Niltava macgrigoriae | |
| 279 | Rufous-bellied Niltava | Niltava sundara | |
| 280 | (Verditer Flycatcher) | Eumyias thalassinus | |
| 281 | White-gorgeted Flycatcher | Anthipes monileger | |
| 282 | (Blue-throated Flycatcher) | Cyornis rubeculoides | |
| 283 | Blue Whistling-Thrush | Myophonus caeruleus | |
| 284 | Little Forktail | Enicurus scouleri | |
| 285 | Spotted Forktail | Enicurus maculatus | |
| 286 | Black-backed Forktail | Enicurus immaculatus | |
| 287 | Slaty-backed Forktail | Enicurus schistaceus | |
| 288 | /Siberian Rubythroat/ | Calliope calliope | |
| 289 | Himalayan Bluetail | Tarsiger rufilatus | |
| 290 | White-browed Bush-Robin | Tarsiger indicus | |
| 291 | Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher | Ficedula strophiata | |
| 292 | Little Pied Flycatcher | Ficedula westermanni | |
| 293 | /Taiga Flycatcher/ | Ficedula albicilla | |
| 294 | Blue-fronted Redstart | Phoenicurus frontalis | |
| 295 | Plumbeous Redstart | Phoenicurus fuliginosus | |
| 296 | White-capped Redstart | Phoenicurus leucocephalus | |
| 297 | /Hodgson's Redstart/ | Phoenicurus hodgsoni | |
| 298 | |Black Redstart| | Phoenicurus ochruros | |
| 299 | Chestnut-bellied Rock-Thrush | Monticola rufiventris | |
| 300 | (Blue-capped Rock-Thrush) | Monticola cinclorhyncha | |
| 301 | /Blue Rock-Thrush/ | Monticola solitarius | |
| 302 | /Siberian Stonechat/ | Saxicola maurus | |
| 303 | Gray Bushchat | Saxicola ferreus | |
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| 304 | Fire-breasted Flowerpecker | Dicaeum ignipectus | |
| 305 | Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker | Dicaeum cruentatum | |
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| 306 | Purple Sunbird | Cinnyris asiaticus | |
| 307 | Black-throated Sunbird | Aethopyga saturata | |
| 308 | Green-tailed Sunbird | Aethopyga nipalensis | |
| 309 | Crimson Sunbird | Aethopyga siparaja | |
| 310 | Little Spiderhunter | Arachnothera longirostra | |
| 311 | Streaked Spiderhunter | Arachnothera magna | |
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| 312 | Asian Fairy-bluebird | Irena puella | |
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| 313 | Golden-fronted Leafbird | Chloropsis aurifrons | |
| 314 | Orange-bellied Leafbird | Chloropsis hardwickii | |
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| 315 | Scaly-breasted Munia | Lonchura punctulata | |
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| 316 | Rufous-breasted Accentor | Prunella strophiata | |
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| 317 | House Sparrow | Passer domesticus | |
| 318 | Eurasian Tree Sparrow | Passer montanus | |
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| 319 | /Gray Wagtail/ | Motacilla cinerea | |
| 320 | |Eastern Yellow Wagtail| | Motacilla tschutschensis | |
| 321 | |Citrine Wagtail| | Motacilla citreola | |
| 322 | White-browed Wagtail | Motacilla maderaspatensis | |
| 323 | White Wagtail | Motacilla alba | |
| 324 | Paddyfield Pipit | Anthus rufulus | |
| 325 | Rosy Pipit | Anthus roseatus | |
| 326 | Olive-backed Pipit | Anthus hodgsoni | |
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| 327 | Scarlet Finch | Carpodacus sipahi | |
| 328 | Himalayan Beautiful Rosefinch | Carpodacus pulcherrimus | |
*Nomenclature and taxonomic affinities are based on Clements 6th Edition published 2007 with updates through 2021 maintained by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, which relies largely on the AOU and SACC nomenclature committees. IUCN status may reflect splits not currently recognized by Clements.
**Species not accepted by Clements, AOU, or SACC that we recognize based on the IOC, field observations along with geographical separation, consensus opinions of field guide authors, and other sources. These species are potential splits in future Clements updates.
OTHER LOCALES
PRESENCE CODES
| Code | Description | ## |
| // | Boreal Visitor | 25 |
| \\ | Austral Visitor | 0 |
| || | Transient | 11 |
| ## | Non-breeding Dispersal | 0 |
| <> | Erratic/Irregular | 0 |
| () | Breeding Season Only | 30 |
| {} | Casual/Vagrant | 5 |
| [] | Accidental | 8 |
STATUS CODES
| Code | Description | ## |
| NT | Near Threatened | 9 |
| V | Vulnerable | 5 |
| EN | Endangered | 2 |
| CR | Critically Endangered | 0 |
Species counts in code tables depend on completeness of the data. For some countries or locales, data may not include all species or information on species presence may be incomplete.